Object Oriented Programming with Java

(Subject Code: BCS-403)

Unit 3
Lecture 26

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Lecture 26
• Local Variable Type Inference
• Switch Expressions
• Yield Keyword

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 Local Variable Type Inference
• Local variable type inference is a feature in
Java 10 that allows the developer to skip
the type declaration associated with local
variables (those defined inside method
definitions, initialization blocks, for-loops,
and other blocks like if-else), and the type is
inferred by the JDK.
• It will, then, be the job of the compiler to
figure out the datatype of the variable.

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 // declaration using LVTI
// Java code for local variable
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
class A {
public static void main(String ap[])
{
var data = new ArrayList<>();
}
}

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Cases where you can declare variables using LVTI
// block using LVTI in Java 10
class A {
static
{
var x = "Hi there";
System.out.println(x)'
}
public static void main(String[] ax)
{
}
} Department of Computer Science ,ABES En
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 As iteration variable in enhanced for-loop
public class MyMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr ={ 1, 2, 3 };
for (var x : arr)
System.out.println(x);
}
}

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 As looping index in for-loop
public class MyMain {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr = { 1, 2, 3 };
for (var x = 0; x < 3; x++)
System.out.println(arr[x]);
}
}

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 As a return value from another method
public class MyMain {
int ret()
{
return 1;
}
public static void main(String a[])
{
var x = new MyMain().ret();
System.out.println(x);
}
}

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 As a return value in a method
public class MyMain {
int ret()
{
var x = 1;
return x;
}
public static void main(String a[])
{
System.out.println(new MyMain().ret());
}
}

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There are cases where declaration of local variables
using the keyword ‘var’ produces an error.
1. Not permitted in class fields
class A {
var x;
}
2. Not permitted for uninitialized local variables
3. Not allowed as parameter for any methods
4. Not permitted in method return type.
public var show()
5. Not permitted with variable initialized with ‘NULL’

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 Switch Expressions
• Until Java 7 only integers could be used in switch
case and this had been the standard for a long
time.
• In Java 8 strings & enum were introduced in
case values and switch statements started to
evolve.

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public class MyMain {
public static void main(String a[])
{
String day = "Tuesday";
switch (day) {
case "Monday":
System.out.println("Week day");
break;
case "Tuesday":
.
.
break;
case "Friday":
System.out.println("Week day");
break;
case "Saturday":
System.out.println("Weekend");
break;
case "Sunday":
System.out.println("Weekend");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Unknown");
}}} Department of Computer Science ,ABES En
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public class MyMain {
public static void main(String a[])
{
enum DAYS {
MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY, SUNDAY
}
DAYS days = DAYS.MONDAY;
switch (days) {
case MONDAY:
System.out.println("Weekdays");
..
break;
case FRIDAY:
System.out.println("Weekdays");
break;
case SATURDAY:
System.out.println("Weekends");
break;
case SUNDAY:
System.out.println("Weekends");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Unknown");
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 Java 12 : Switch Statement
• Java 12 further enhanced the switch statement and
introduced switch expressions as a preview feature.
It introduced a flurry of new features:
• We can return values from a switch block and hence
switch statements became switch expressions
• We can have multiple values in a case label
• We can return value from a switch expression through
the arrow operator or through the “break” keyword

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 switch expressions Example
public class MyMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String day = "Wednesday";
String category = getDayCategory(day);
System.out.println(day + " is a " + category + ".");
}
public static String getDayCategory(String day) {
return switch (day) {
case "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday",
"Friday" -> "Weekday";
case "Saturday", "Sunday" -> "Weekend";
default -> "Unknown";
};
}}
Output:Wednesday is a Weekday.
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 Return value through break keyword
return switch (day) {
case "Monday":
break "Weekday";
case "Tuesday":
break "Weekday";
case "Friday":
break "Weekday";
case "Saturday":
break "Weekend";
case "Sunday":
break "Weekend";
default:
break "Unknown";
};

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The word break was replaced by “yield” later in Java 13.
return switch (day) {
case "Monday":
yield "Weekday";
case "Tuesday":
yield "Weekday";
case "Wednesday":
yield "Weekday";
case "Saturday":
yield "Weekend";
case "Sunday":
yield "Weekend";
default:
yield "Unknown";
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Return value through arrow operator :
return switch (day)
{ case "Monday"-> "Week day";
case "Tuesday"-> "Week day";
case "Wednesday"->"Week day";
case "Thursday"->"Week day";
case "Friday"->"Week day";
case "Saturday"-> "Weekend";
case "Sunday"-> "Weekend";
default->"Unknown";
};
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 Multiple case labels :
return switch (day) {
case
"Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday"
-> "Week day";
case "Saturday", "Sunday" -> "Weekend";
default->"Unknown";
};

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 Java 17 : Switch Statement / Expression :
Java 17 LTS is the latest long-term support release
for the Java SE platform and it was released on
September 15, 2021.
Switch expression features
 Pattern matching
 Gaurded pattern
 Null cases

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 Pattern Matching :
We can pass objects in switch condition and this
object can be checked for different types in switch
case labels.

return switch (obj) {

case Integer i -> "It is an integer";
case String s -> "It is a string";
case Employee s -> "It is a Employee";
default -> "It is none of the known data types";
};

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 Gaurded Patterns :
case Employee emp:
if(emp.getDept().equals("IT")) {
yield "This is IT Employee";
}

return switch (obj) {

case Integer i -> "It is an integer";
case String s -> "It is a string";
case Employee employee &&
employee.getDept().equals("IT") -> "IT Employee";
default -> "It is none of the known data types";
};
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 Null Cases
We can never pass a null value to switch
statements prior to Java 17 without a Null pointer
exception being thrown.
Java 17 allows you to handle it this way
case null -> "It is a null object";

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