Course: Object Oriented Programming System With C++

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

 MODULE -2

C++ control statements and Functions

Loops
while loop
Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given condition is true. It tests the
condition before executing the loop body.

for loop
Execute a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the code that manages the
loop variable.

do...while loop
Like a ‘while’ statement, except that it tests the condition at the end of the loop body.
While loop
The syntax of a while loop in C++ is

while(condition)
i=1;
{ while (i<=10)
{
statement(s);
cout<<i;
} i++;
}
Do -while
The syntax of a while loop in C++ is

do
i=1;
{ do
{
statement(s);
cout<<i;
} i++;
}
while(condition) While(i>=10)
For loops
The syntax of a while loop in C++ is

for ( init; condition; increment )

int main ()
{ {
// for loop execution
statement(s);
for( int i = 10; i < 20; i++ )
} {
cout << "value of a: " << a << endl;
}

return 0;
}
DECISION MAKING STATMENTS
conditional statements

•if-else: An if-else statement operates on an either/or basis. One statement is executed if

the condition is true; another is executed if the condition is false.
•if-else if-else: This statement chooses one of the statements available depending on the
condition. If no conditions are true, the else statement at the end is executed.
•while: While repeats a statement as long as a given statement is true.
•do while: A do while statement is similar to a while statement with the addition that the
condition is checked at the end.
•for: A for statement repeats a statement as long as the condition is satisfied.
Assignment-if else
Write Program to Calculate Grade According to marks
1.If marks 40 to 50 then Grade is F
2.if marks >=50 <60 then Grade is D
3.if marks >=60 <70 then Grade is C
4.if marks >=70 <80 then Grade is B
5.if marks >=80 <90 then Grade is A
6.if marks >=90 then Grade is A+
Otherwise print “fail”
Unconditional Control Statements

•goto: A goto statement directs control to another part of the

program.
•break: A break statement terminates a loop (a repeated
structure)
•continue: A continue statement is used in loops to repeat the
loop for the next value by transferring control back to the
beginning of the loop and ignoring the statements that come
after it.
C++ Switch Statements
Use the switch statement to select one of many code blocks to be executed
Example
Syntax int day = 3;
switch(expression) switch (day) {
{ case 1:
case x: cout << "Monday";
// code block break;
break; case 2:
cout << "Tuesday";
case y:
break;
// code block case 3:
break; cout << "Wednesday";
default: break;
// code block }
}
for(i = 1; i <= n; ++i) { cout << "Enter n" << i << ": "; cin >> num; if(num < 0.0) { // Control of the program move to jump: goto jump; } sum += num; } jump: average = sum / (i - 1); cout << "\nAverage = " << average; return 0; }

goto Statement

# include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() Output
{ int I, num ,average, ,sum;
for(i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) Sum 1 to 7 = 28
{ if( i==8)
{ goto a;
}
sum =sum + i;
}
cout << "\nsum = " << sum;
a:cout<<“sum 1 to 7”<<sum;
return 0
;
}
for(i = 1; i <= n; ++i) { cout << "Enter n" << i << ": "; cin >> num; if(num < 0.0) { // Control of the program move to jump: goto jump; } sum += num; } jump: average = sum / (i - 1); cout << "\nAverage = " << average; return 0; }

break Statement

# include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() Output
{ int I, num ,average, ,sum;
for(i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) sum = 28
{ if( i==8)
{ break;
}
sum =sum+i;
}
cout << "\nsum = " << sum;
return 0
;
}
Continue Statement

# include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() Output
{ int I, num ,average, ,sum;
for(i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) sum = 47
{ if( i==8)
{ continue;
}
sum =sum+i;
}
a: cout << "\nsum = " << sum;
return 0
;
}
Array and Strings

ARRAY
Introduction to array
types of array
syntax of Array declaration
example
c program to Martrix (single,double dimenension) operations
STRING
Introduction
String operation
String header file
Functions

C++ Functions
A Function is a sub-program that acts on data and often returns a value. Large programs are generally avoiding
because it is difficult to manage a single list of instructions. Thus, a large program is broken down into smaller
units known as functions. A functions is a named unit of a group of program statements. This unit can be
invoked from other parts of the program.
Why to use Functions ?
The most important reason to use functions is to make program handling easier as only a small part of the
program is dealt with at a time, thereby avoiding ambiguity. Another reason to use functions is to reduce
program size. Functions make a program more readable and understandable to a programmer thereby making
program management much easier.
C++ Function Types
There are two types of functions: library functions and user-defined functions
*Refer your class notes
C++ function prototype

A function prototype is a declaration of the function that tells the program about the type of value
returned by the function and the number and type of arguments.\
Function prototyping is one very useful feature of C++ functions. A function prototype describes
the function interface to the compiler by giving details such as the number and type of arguments
and the type of return values.
Function prototype has the following parts:
•return type
•name of the function
•argument list
Syntax returntype functionname(Argument list)
C++ Standard Library Functions

•C++ Header Files -

•C++ Character String Functions -
•C++ Mathematical Functions -
 Recursion
Recursion- A function call by itself.
//program for factorial using recursion
#include<iostream> int factorial(int n)
using namespace std; {
int main() if(n<0)
{ return(-1); /*Wrong value*/
int factorial(int); if(n==0)
int fact,value; return(1); /*Terminating condition*/
cout<<"Enter any number: "; else
cin>>value; {
fact=factorial(value); return(n * factorial (n-1));
cout<<"Factorial of a number is: "<<fact<<endl; }
return 0;
}
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()

{
int fib(int);
int i=0, n;
cout<<"Enter any number: ";
cin>>n;
while(i<=n)
{
cout<<" " <<fib(i);
i++;
}
return 0;
}
int fib(int n)
{
int f;
if ((n==1)|| (n==0))
return(n);
else
return(fib(n-1)+fib(n-2));

}
Write a program to print fibonaci series using recursion
Write a program to solve towers of Hanoi using recursion
The program which related to Tree concepts in data structures is based on recursion
Inline functions-reduce function call
overhead
The main use of the inline function in C++ is to save memory space. Whenever the function is called, then it takes a lot of time to execute the
tasks, such as moving to the calling function.

It will be greater than the time taken required to execute that function. use inline function if function called many times

Advantages of inline function

In the inline function, we do not need to call a function, so it does not cause any overhead.

It also saves the overhead of the return statement from a function.

It does not require any stack on which we can push or pop the variables as it does not perform any function calling.

An inline function is mainly beneficial for the embedded systems as it yields less code than a normal function.

We cannot provide the inline to the functions in the following circumstances:

If a function is recursive.

If a function contains a loop like for, while, do-while loop.

If a function contains static variables.

If a function contains a switch or go to statement

syntax
inline return_type function_name(parameters)
{ #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
// function code inline int add(int a,int b)
} {
int c;
return(a+b);}
int main()
{
cout<<"Addition:"<<add(2,3);
cout<<"Addition:"<<add(3,5);
cout<<"Addition:"<<add(21,31);
return 0;
}
Class &inline functions
inline void operation ::sum()
class operation { {
int a, b, add, sub; add = a + b;
float div; cout << "Addition of two numbers: " <<
a + b << "\n";
public: }
void get();
void sum(); inline void operation ::difference()
void difference(); {
sub = a - b;
}; cout << "Difference of two numbers: "
inline void operation ::get() << a - b << "\n";
{ }
cout << "Enter first
value:";
cin >> a; int main()
cout << "Enter second {
value:"; cout << "Program using inline
cin >> b; function\n";
} operation s;
s.get();
s.sum();
s.difference();
return 0;
}
Storage class
1. Storage class is used to define the lifetime and visibility of a variable
2. Lifetime refers to the period during which the variable remains active
3. visibility refers to the module of a program in which the variable is accessible.
There are five types of storage classes, which can be used in a C++ program
1.Automatic
2.Register
3.Static
4.External
5.Mutable
 Automatic Storage Class

It is the default storage class for all local variables. The auto keyword is applied to all local
variables automatically.
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )  The variables defined using auto storage class are called as local
{ variables.
auto int j = 1;  Auto stands for automatic storage class.
{  A variable is in auto storage class by default if it is not explicitly specified.
auto int j= 2;  The scope of an auto variable is limited with the particular block only.
{  Once the control goes out of the block, the access is destroyed. This
auto int j = 3; means only the block in which the auto variable is declared can access it.
printf ( " %d ", j);
}
printf ( "\t %d ",j);
}
printf( "%d\n", j);
}
Output 3 2 1
Register Storage Class

The register variable allocates memory in register than RAM. Its size is same of register size. It
has a faster access than other variables.
It is recommended to use register variable only for quick access such as in counter.
Example
register int counter=0;
 Static Storage Class

The static variable is initialized only once and exists till the end of a program.
It retains its value between multiple functions call.
The static variable has the default value 0 which is provided by compiler.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std; int main()
void func() {
{ func();
static int i=0; //static variable func();
int j=0; //local variable func();
i++; }
j++;
cout<<"i=" << i<<" and j=" <<j<<endl;
}
External Storage Class

The extern variable is visible to all the programs. It is used if two or more files are sharing same variable or
function.

The extern storage class is required when the variables need to be shared across multiple files.
Extern variables have global scope and these variables are visible outside the file in which they are declared.
The extern variable is visible to all the programs. It is used if two or more files are sharing the same variable or
function.

The lifetime of the extern variables is as long as the program in which it is declared is terminated

extern int counter=0;

extern
Extern stands for external storage class.
Extern storage class is used when we have
global functions or variables which are shared
between two or more files.
Keyword extern is used to declaring a global
variable or function in another file to provide
the reference of variable or function which have
been already defined in the original file.
Mutable Storage Class
Mutable specifier applies only to class objects, which allows a member of an object to override const member function.

A mutable member can be modified by a const member function.

modifiable even the member is part of an object declared as const.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std; int main()
class test {
{
mutable int a; const test x(2,3);
int b; cout<<"Initial value"<<endl;
public:
test(int x,int y) x.display();
{
a=x;
x.square_a();
b=y; cout<<"Final value"<<endl;
}
void square_a() const
x.display();
{ return 0;
}
a=a*a; }
void display() const
{
cout<<"a = "<<a<<endl;
cout<<"b = "<<b<<endl;
}
Storage Class Keyword Lifetime
Automatic auto Function Block
External extern Whole Program
Static static Whole Program
Register register Function Block
Mutable mutable Class