Ch

College of Electronic Technology

Tripoli

CE223:
CE223:Microcomputer
MicrocomputerSystems
Systems
Fall 2016 Fall 2023/2024

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General Guidelines
 Lecturer: Eng. Abdulbaset M. Ashour
 M.Sc. Robotics.
 Telegram Groups:
 CE223-Fall2024 Control G1
 CE223-Fall 2024 Communications G1
 CE223-Fall 2024 Communications G2
 Course period: 14 weeks.
 Schedule:
 Time: Sun 10:00 am – 01:00 pm / 02:00 pm – 05:00pm .
 Room: 322 / ‫معمل الشبكات‬

 Time: Tue 08:00 am – 11:00 am .
 Room: 322 / E1

 Time: Wed 11:00 am – 05:00 pm .

 Room: 220

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General Guidelines

 Assessment:
 40% course work.
 20% practical exam.
 40% final exam.
 Course work:
 Attendance.
 Class activities.
 Assignments, quiz's.
 Labs and Midterm project.
 Midterm test(s).

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General Guidelines

 Text Books:
1. Microprocessors and Interfacing: Programming and
Hardware. Douglas V. Hall, 2nd edition 1991.
2. The Intel Microprocessors Architecture, Programming
and Interfacing. Barry B. Brey, 8 th edition 2009.

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Course Objectives

 To introduce students to the low level applications of computer

systems.

 To familiarize students with assembly programming language.

 To gain the knowledge of microprocessors technology.

 To Familiarize students with CPU interfaces.

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Course Outline

 Chapter 1: Introduction to Microprocessors.

 Chapter 2: 8086 Microprocessor architecture.
 Chapter 3: Introduction to Assembly language.
 Chapter 4: 8086 System timing.
 Chapter 5: Memory address decoding and interfacing.
 Chapter 6: Input /Output systems interface:.
 Chapter 7: I/O port addresses decoding.
 Chapter 8: Programmable Peripheral Interface chip (PPI) 8255.
 Chapter 9: Programmable Communication Interface chip 8251.
 Chapter 10: System interrupts handling.
 Chapter 11: Programmable Interrupt controller chip (PIC) 8259.

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Chapter 1

Introduction to Microprocessors

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Chapter layout

 Microprocessor system concept.

 Historical background .

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Being inside the computer

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Introduction to Microcomputers

 Microprocessor system concept.

 Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller.

 Historical background.

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What is a computer?

 A computer is a programmable machine that receives

input, stores and manipulates data/information, and
provides output in a useful format.

 During the processing the computer has to perform

various functions like:
 Receives data (input).
 Processes data (process).
 Produces information (output).
 Stores results (storage).

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Characteristics of Computers

 Speed:
 The computer is able to process the data and gives the
output in fractions of seconds, such that required
information is given to the user on time enabling the user to
take right decisions on right time. Computer is capable of
executing about 3 million calculations per second.
 Accuracy:
 The accuracy of computers is consistently high enough
which avoids any errors. If it all there are errors, they are
due to errors in instructions given by the programmer.

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Characteristics of Computers
 Reliable (trusted):
 The output generated by the computer is very reliable, but it
is reliable only when the data, which is passing as input to
the computer and the program are correct and reliable.

 Versatile (multi task/function):

 Computers are capable of performing almost any task
provided. The task can be reduced to a series of logical
steps (different task needs just different program not
different machine).

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What is a microprocessor?

 The microprocessor is a single chip

programmable device that takes in numbers,
performs on them arithmetic or logical
instructions (operations) according to the
program stored in memory and then produces
other numbers as a result.
 The microprocessor can be programmed to
perform functions on given data by writing
specific instructions into its memory.
 The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time,
matches it with its instruction set, and performs the
data manipulation specified.
 The result is either stored back into memory or
displayed on an output device.

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What is a microcomputer system?

 Block diagram of a digital computer

Memory

Input Port Microprocessor Output Port

(CPU)

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Microcontrollers

 Microcontroller (MCU)
Integrated electronic computing device that
includes three major components on a single
chip
Microprocessor (MPU)
Memory
I/O (Input/Output) ports

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Microcontrollers

 Support Devices
Timers
A/D converter
Serial I/O
 Common communication lines
System Bus

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Block Diagram

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Microprocessor (MPU)

 MPU (CPU)
 Read instructions
 Process binary data

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Memory

 Storage Device
 Addresses
 Registers
 Major Categories
Read/Write Memory
(R/W)
Read-only-Memory
(ROM)

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Input/Output (I/O)

 Input Devices
Switches and Keypads
Provide binary information to the MPU
 Output devices
LEDs and LCDs
Receive binary information from the MPU

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Microprocessor-Based Systems

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Microprocessor Architecture

 MPU communicates with Memory and I/O

using the System Bus
Address bus
Unidirectional
Memory and I/O Addresses
Data bus
Bidirectional
Transfers Binary Data and Instructions
Control lines
Read and Write timing signals

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Microprocessor-Based System

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MPU-Based Systems

 System hardware
Discrete components
Microprocessor, Memory, and I/O
Components connected by buses
Address, Data, and Control
 System software
Group of programs that monitors the functions
of the entire system

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MPU-Based System

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MCU-Based Systems

 Microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and

support devices on a single chip
 Buses generally not available to a system
designer
 I/O ports generally multiplexed and can be
programmed to perform different functions

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MCU-Based System

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Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers

 A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC or

MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated
circuit containing a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals.

 A microprocessor (sometimes abbreviated µP or MP)

incorporates the functions of a computer’s central
processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit
(IC, or microchip).

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Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers

 Well, confused?
 In simple words, microcontroller is a full fledged
computer in a single chip.
 On the other hand, microprocessor is the CPU of the
computer in a single chip.
 In simplest terms:
 MPU = CPU
 MCU = MPU + Peripherals + Memory

 Peripherals = Ports + Clock + Timers + UART/USART +

ADC + DAC + LCD Drivers + Other Stuffs Memory =
Flash + SRAM + EPROM + EEPROM

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Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers

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Applications of Microprocessors

 Microprocessors are everywhere!

 Electric consumer devices.

 Office equipment.

 Modern communication devices.

 Automobile.

 Industrial Automation.

 PC and PLC.

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How does a Microprocessors work?

 The microprocessor follows a sequence: Fetch, Decode, Execute, and then

Write.
1. The microprocessor fetches next instruction from the memory (instruction
queue).
2. The instruction is decoded and the data path control signals prepared for the
next cycle.
3. The operands are read from the register bank, shifted, combined in the ALU.
4. Outputs the result in binary to the memory/output port.
Microprocessor

Read only Random Access Input Device Output Device

Memory Memory
(ROM) (RAM) Keyboard Printer

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How does a Microprocessors work?

 Dividing the processing task into stages, which are executed in parallel.
 Fetching the next instruction while the current instruction executes is called
pipelining.
 Makes a microprocessor faster.

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Historical background

 Intel 4004
 1971, 4-bit
 Intel 8008
 1972, 8-bit
 Originally designed for Datapoint Corp. as a CRT display
controller
 Intel 8080
 1974, April - Altair 8800, 1975, MITS( 256 bytes of Mem,
$395)
 Apple II -- Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak 1976, Apple
 Bill Gates and a fellow student : BASIC, 1975 --> Microsoft
 Intel 8086/8088
 1978, 16 bit: 8088, 1979, 8-bit external bus

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Historical background

 IBM PC ; 1981
 29,000 Transistor.
 Intel 80286
 1982, 16-bit architecture.
 24-bit addressing, memory protection and virtual memory.
 16 MB of physical MEM and 1 GB of virtual memory.
 130,000 Transistor onto a single chip.
 IBM PC/AT in 1984, IBM PS/2 Model 50 and 60.
 Intel 80386
 1985, 32 bits.
 3~5 MIPS (7 MIPS on the 25 MHz chip).
 memory paging and enhanced I/O permission features.

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Historical background

 Intel 80486
 1989 Spring COMDEX show -> 1990 June actual
release.
 1,200,000 Transistor.
 386+387+8K data and instruction cache.
 Pentium
 1993.
 110 MIPS on 66 MHz Chip.
 16 KB on-chip cache and 64 bit data bus.
 superscalar technology (two instructions/clock).
 3.1 million transistors.

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Historical background

 Pentium Pro
 1995.
 5.5 million transistor in the CPU core + 15.5 million transistor
in the secondary cache 8K data, 8K instruction cache.
 256 KB SRAM secondary cache.
 Pentium II
 Pentium Pro + MMX, 1997.
 233, 266, up to 450 MHz .
 7.5 million transistor in CPU.
 512KB in secondary cache.

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Historical background

 Pentium III
 1999
 Pentium Pro + MMX + Internet Streaming.
 0.25 micron, 9.5 million transistor.
 600 MHz, 550 MHz
 32 K(16K/16K) non-blocking level 1 cache.

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Historical background

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Historical background

To review the Intel microprocessors list use the link:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors

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Evolution of Microprocessor

Moore’s Law (1965)

"The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will
approximately double every 24 months“

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References

 References:
 Text Books.
 Microprocessors lecture slides from Eng. Jalal Miladi.

 Readings:
 Douglas Hall, Ch2, pp 19-27.
 Barry Brey, Ch1, pp 1-11.

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