Chapter 1:

Introduction
 Networking Terms
• Network
• Internetwork
• Internet
 Network
• Connecting 2 or more devices

Switch

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3

 Internetwork
• Connecting 2 or more networks

Router
Switch Switch

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.3

 Internet
• Public Network

Internet
Service
Router
Switch Provider

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3

 Network Types
• Local Area Network (LAN)
– a network within a campus
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
– a network within a city
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
– network connects across boundaries
 Topology
• Structure of a network
• Types of Topology
– Physical Topology
• Defines how devices connected physically
– Logical Topology
• Defines how data sent
 Topology Models
• Bus Topology
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Bus Topology
Bus Topology - Cable
• Cable types
– Thinnet
– Thicknet
• These cable mainly
used by Cable TV
Operators
Thinnet Cable
Thicknet Cable
 Bus Topology – Connectors

T-Connector BNC-Connector Network Interface Card

*BNC – Bayonet Nut Connector

Why Maximum Length for Network Cable?
Repeaters
Repeater 5-4-3 Rule
Star Topology
 Start Topology – Cables
• Cable: Twisted Pair Cable
– Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
– Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
• Connector: Registered Jack 45 (RJ45)
• Max. Length : 100 meters
 Star Topology – Cables
UTP Cable STP Cable
Star Topology – Hub

• Physical Topology: Star

• Logical Topology: Bus
• Duplex: Half Duplex
Star Topology - Switch

Port MAC Address

1 B8-86-87-2D-55-BF
3 00-12-72-7C-8C-E8
4 00-21-97-AD-29-A5
6 00-40-F4-2C-4C-9C
7 EC-A8-6B-06-86-51
Star Topology - Switch

• Physical Topology: Star

• Logical Topology: Star
• Duplex: Full Duplex
 Ring Topology

• In this topology, the Network Inteface Card (NIC)

have 2 ports namely Transmit (TX) and Receive (RX).
• TX – Transmit Data
• RX – Receive data
Ring Topology
• The default cable used for
this topology is Fiber
Optic Cable (FOC) or
otherwise called as
Optical Fiber Cable (OFC)
• The cable transmit LIGHT
for communication.
Ring Topology – Cables
• Single Mode FOC
– Uses Laser Lights
– Optimal for Long Distance
(up to 3 km)
• Multi Mode FOC
– Uses LEDs (Light Emitting
Diodes)
– Optimal for Short Distance
(up to 2 km)
 Ring Topology – Connectors

Subscribers Connector (SC) Straight Tip (ST)

 Mesh Topology
• There is no default cables, connectors or
mediums for mesh topology
• Mesh topology is not used for connecting
multiple hosts.
• Mesh topology is mainly used for connecting
multiple networks.
• Types of Mesh Topology
– Full Mesh
– Partial Mesh
 Mesh Topology

Full Mesh Partial Mesh

ETHERNET CABLING
 Ethernet Cabling
• Ethernet Port : 8 pins
– Data : 4 pins (1, 2, 3, and 6)
– Ground : 4 pins (4, 5, 7, and 8)
 Device Categories
Terminal Devices Communicator Devices

• PC • Hub

• Router • Switch
 Pins Usage
Terminal Devices Communicator Devices
Pin Usage Pin Usage
1 Transmit 1 Receive
2 Transmit 2 Receive
3 Receive 3 Transmit
4 Ground / Power 4 Ground / Power
5 Ground / Power 5 Ground / Power
6 Receive 6 Transmit
7 Ground / Power 7 Ground / Power
8 Ground / Power 8 Ground / Power
 Cabling Types
• Straight Through Cable
– Used to connect Terminal devices and
Communicator devices
– Example
• PC to Hub
• PC to Switch
• Router to Hub
• Router to Switch
 Cabling Types
• Cross Over Cable • Example
– Used to connect – PC to PC
two Terminal – Router to Router
devices or two
– PC to Router
Communicator
devices. – Hub to Hub
– Switch to Switch
– Hub to Switch
Straight Through Cable
Cross Over Cable
 Standard Color Codes
T568A T568B
Pin Cable Color Pin Cable Color
1 Green White 1 Orange White
2 Green 2 Orange
3 Orange White 3 Green White
4 Blue 4 Blue
5 Blue White 5 Blue White
6 Orange 6 Green
7 Brown White 7 Brown White
8 Brown 8 Brown
 Cabling Methods

Straight Through Cross Over

• Both end must be T568A or • One end must be T568A
T568B and another end must be
T568B
Ethernet Cabling
Cable Testing
 Communication Types
1. Unicast
2. Multicast
3. Broadcast
 Unicast Communication

Single Host to Single Host Communication

 Multicast Communication

Single Host to Multi Host Communication

Broadcast Communication

Single Host to All Host in Network

Communication
 CSMA/CD
• Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)
– Used to detect
collisions in the
network
– Each device senses
whether the line is
idle and therefore
available to be used.
 Late Collision
• Maximum cable limits are exceeded.
• Collision occurs after the 512th bit (64th byte)
of a frame is transmitted.
 Broadcast Domain
• A broadcast domain is a
logical group of a
computer network, in
which all hosts can
reach each other by
broadcast.
 Collision Domain
• A collision domain is a network segment connected
by a shared medium or through repeaters where
simultaneous data transmissions collide with one
another.
 Router
• Each Port 1 Broadcast Domain
• Each Port 1 Collision Domain
– Note: Router does not forward broadcast
packets
– Router Separates Broadcasts
Router
 Switch
• 1 Broadcast Domain (Default)
• Each Port 1 Collision Domain
– Note: Switch forward broadcast packets
Switch
 Hub
• 1 Broadcast Domain
• 1 Collision Domain
– Note: Hub is also known as Multi Port
Repeater
– It shares single collision domain
Hub
Exercise #1
Exercise #1
Exercise #2
Exercise #2
 OSI Reference Model
• OSI – Open Systems Interconnect
• Reference model for network builders
• Developed by ISO in 1984
• 7 Layered approach
 OSI Layers
# Layer
7 Application Layer
6 Presentation Layer
5 Session Layer
4 Transport Layer
3 Network Layer
2 Data Link Layer
1 Physical Layer
 PDU
• Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
– Describe data as it moves from one layer to
another of OSI Reference Model
– Ex: Data, Segment, Packet, Frame, Bits.
 7. Application Layer
• Deals with Network Applications
– Ex: Chrome, Skype, Whatsapp, etc.
• Provides User Interface
– GUI – Graphical User Interface
– CLI – Command Line Interface
• PDU: User Data
 6. Presentation Layer
• Formats User Data
– ASCII, Image, Video Encode/Decode, Audio, etc.
• Compression & Decompression
• Encryption & Decryption
• PDU – Formatted Data
ASCII Code
 5. Session Layer
• Create, Manage, and Terminates Logical Links
– Example: Email Login Session
• Allows users on different machines to establish active
communication sessions between them
• PDU – Formatted Data
 4. Transport Layer
• Slices large data into smaller ones
– Usually maximum transmission unit (MTU) for
Data Transmission is 1500 bytes
• Add Sequence Number for Data Arrangement in
receiver end
• Add Acknowledgement Information (Optional) for
reliable communication
• PDU – Segment (Data is divided in to multiple
segments)
Segments
 Segment Format
• The port number in
segment refers to the
address of application
– Range: 1 to 65535
• Example
– HTTP – 80
– FTP – 21
– SMTP - 25
 3. Network Layer
• Provides Logical Addressing
– Internet Protocol (IP)
• Used in Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.
– Internetwork Packet Exchanger (IPX)
• Used in Novell Netware
– Apple Talk
• Used in Macintosh
• Routing – Find the best route to reach the destination
• PDU - Packet
Packet
 2. Data Link Layer
• Provides Physical Addressing
– MAC Address
• Provides Error Detection
• Sub Layers
– LLC (Logical Link Control)
• Deals with addressing and multiplexing
– MAC (Media Access Control)
• Control Device Interaction
• PDU - Frame
Frame
 1. Physical Layer
• Deals with Physical Connections
– Cables
– Wireless
• PDU: Bits (0 or 1)
 Data Encapsulation & Decapsulation
• Data Encapsulation
– Adding header and trailer to the data
• Information is added before the data is known
as header.
• Information is added after the data is known as
trailer.
• Data Decapsulation
– Removing header and trailer to the data
Data Encapsulation & Decapsulation
 Bits and Bytes
Type Size
Bit 0 or 1
Byte 8 bits
KiloByte (KB) 1024 bytes
MegaByte (MB) 1024 KB
GigaByte (GB) 1024 MB
TeraByte (TB) 1024 GB
 Mbps ≠ MBps
• Mbps refers to Mega bits per second (not Mega Byte
per second)
• Example:
– 4Mbps connection have the maximum speed of
512 KB (KiloBytes)
• Answer = ((4 * 1024 * 1024)/8)/1024
– 4 * 1024 * 1024 = 4194304
– 4194304 / 8 = 524288
– 524288 / 1024 = 512 KiloBytes
Check your speed
Check your speed
 OSI Layers and Devices
Protocol or
OSI Layer Devices Standard
Layer 4
(Transport Layer) Firewall TCP and UDP
Layer 3 Router, Multi Layer
(Network Layer) Switch IP Address
Layer 2
(Data Link Layer) Switch MAC Address
Layer 1 Hub, Repeater,
(Physical Layer) Cable Bits
Cisco Firewall
Cisco Router
Cisco Switch
Hub