Human reproductive

system
 Gonads
• Reproductive system ensures the
continuation of
• species. Gonads are the primary
reproductive organs
• which produce the gametes (egg or
ovum); a pair of
• testes (singular = testis) produces
sperms in males and
• a pair of ovaries produces ovum in
females.
• Reproductive organs
include:
• 1. Primary sex organs :-
these are directly involved
in the process of gamate
formation eg. Tesis
• 2. Accessory sex organs.:-
they help in transport
maturation,& storage of
gametes
Accessory Sex Organs

Accessory sex organs in males are:

Epididymus

Vas defernce

Ejaculatory duct

Seminal vesicles

Prostate gland,cowpers gland

Urethra

Penis.
 TESTES
• Testes are the primary sex organs or
gonads in males.
• There are two testes in almost all
the species. In human
• beings, both the testes are ovoid or
walnut-shaped
• bodies that are located and
suspended in a sac-like
• structure called scrotum.
• In most of the mammals testis are extra abdominal
because sperm production, maturation, storage
&survival requires 2-2.5 degree lower temperature
• Scrotum provides a favourable environment for
healthy sperm production
• In some mammals
testis are intra
abdominal i.e located
in main body cavity
• These include egg
laying
mammals(prototheria
ns) elephants,whales
dolphins etc.
Seminiferous tubule
• Each testis weighs about 15 to
19 g and measures
• about 5 × 3 cm. Testis is made up
of about 900 coiled
• tubules known as seminiferous
tubules
• Which produce sperms.
Inguinal canal
• During early foetal life, the testes develop
in abdominal
• cavity and later they descend into the
scrotal
• sac through a passage called inguinal
canal.
• 7 to 8 th week testis start to develop in
abdominal cavity
• 7-8month they start to migrate towards
scrotum
• Cryptorchidism is failure of testis to
descend into scrotum
• Orchidopexy is performed to correct this
condition
Synorchidism-congenital fusion of two testis

Monorchidism-presence of single testis

Polyorchidism-presence of more than 2 testis

Orchitis-inflammation of testis

Hydrocele-accumulation of fluid in testis

Inguinal hernia
• Once testis have migrated to scrotum these
cannot go back into abdomen because
inguinal canal get sealed due to formation of
connective tissue
• Due to improper closure of inguinal canal a
loop of intestine can enter inguinal region
• This is called as inguinal hernia
Cause of inguinal hernia
• Increased pressure within the abdomen
• A pre existing weak spot in abdominal wall
• Straining during bowel movement or urination
• Pregnancy
• Chronic coughing aur sneezing
Orchidectomy
• It is surgical removal of testis
• Castration is removal of gonad ( testis / ovary)
• It makes animal less aggressive ( docile) because level of
testosterone hormone decreases
Scrotum
• It is the supporting structure for the testes
• It communicate with pelvic cavity by inguinal
canal
• It consist of highly pigmented loose skin and
underline subcutaneous layer
Scrotum
• Externally it look likes single pouch of skin
separated into lateral portion by median
ridge called raphe
• Internally the scrotal septum divide the
scrotum into two sack each contain a single
testis
Spermatic cord
• Testis hang in scrotum with the help of
spermatic cord
• Spermatic cord consists of blood vessel
lymph vessel and cremaster muscle
• Testis are connected to wall of scrotum by
gubernaculum
Pampiniform
plexus
• One is the pampiniform
plexus of blood vessels,
which serves as a
• countercurrent heat
exchanger between
warm arterial blood
reaching the testes
• and cooler venous
blood leaving the testes.
 Cremaster muscles
• Cremasteric muscle, which responds
to changes in temperature by
moving the testes closer or farther
away from the body. Prolonged
exposure of the testes to elevated
• temperature, fever, or
thermoregulatory dysfunction can
lead to temporary or permanent
sterility as a result of a failure of
spermatogenesis, whereas
steroidogenesis is unaltered.
 Histology of Testis
• Each testis is enclosed by three
coverings.
• 1. Tunica Vasculosa
• Tunica vasculosa is the innermost
covering. It is made
• up of connective tissue and it is
rich in blood vessels
• 2. Tunica Albuginea
• Tunica albuginea is the middle
covering. It is a dense fibrous
capsule
 Tunica Vaginalis
• Outer to it is an incomplete
• peritoneal covering called
tunica vaginalis
• Testis is divided into a
number
• of pyramidal lobules, with
bases directed towards the
• periphery and the apices
towards the mediastinum
• Each testis has about 200 to
300 lobules.
•Lobules of Testis
• testis is divided into a
number
• of pyramidal lobules, with
bases directed towards the
• periphery and the apices
towards the mediastinum
• Each testis has about 200
to 300 lobules.
• Length of 1 seminiferous tubule is about 70 cm
• Is tubule is lined on it’s inside by two types of
cell
• One male germ cell
• Sertoli cell
 Interstitial cell
• The reason outside the
seminars tubule called
interstitial space contains
small blood vessel and
interstitial cell or leydig cell
• This synthesis and secret
male sex hormone called
androgen
Spermatogonia
• Stem cell spermatogonia develop from the primordial
germs cell that arise from the yolk sac
• These enter the testes during the fifth week of development
• Spermatogonia remain dormant during childhood and
actively begin producing sperm at puberty
Spermatogonia
• Toward the lumen of seminiferous tubule are layer of
progressively more mature cell
• In order of advancing maturity these are primary
spermatocyte secondary spermatocytes ,spermatids and
sperm cell
• After sperm cell
has formed it is
released into
the lumen of
the
seminiferous
tubule called
spermiation
Rete testis
• Rete Testis
• Rete testis is a
network of thin-
walled channels
present
• in mediastinum. All
the seminiferous
tubules open into
• the rete testis.
Vas efferent
• 12-20 fine tubules arising from rete
testis are vasa efferentia. They carry
• the sperms from the testis and open
into the epididymis.
• Duct of epididymis is an enormously
convoluted tubule, with a length of
about 4 meter. It begins at head,
where it receives vas efferens.
Epididymus
• They carry
• the sperms from the
testis and open into the
• epididymis. It is a long
and highly coiled tube
• which is differentiated
into an upper caput-,
• middle corpus- and lower
cauda epididymis.
• Posteriorly epididymis leads into the vas deferens which
• travels upto the abdominal cavity and loops
• over the ureter to open into the urethra
• Before doing so, it joins the duct of seminal vesicle
• to form the ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory
• duct passes through the prostate gland and
• opens into the urethra.
• Epididymus stores sperms for few days Till sent out through
ejaculation
• The epididymus show peristaltic movement to push the
spermatozoa away from testis
• It also act as recycling center for damaged spermatozoa.
• The urethra provides a common
passage for the urine and semen
• and hence is also called urinogenital
duct.
• In males the urethra is long and
extends through the penis.
• It opens to the outside by an opening
• called the urethral meatus or urethral
orifice.
 T.S. Of testis
• omplex stratified epithelium,
which consists of two
• types of cells:
• i. Spermatogenic cells or germ
cells
• ii. Sertoli cells or supporting cells.
Spermatogenic Cells
• Spermatogenic cells or
germ cells present in
seminiferous
• tubules are precursor cells
of spermatozoa. These
• cells lie in between Sertoli
cells and are arranged in an
• orderly manner in 4 to 8
layers.
 SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
• Seminiferous tubules are
thread-like convoluted
tubular
• structures which produce
the spermatozoa or
sperms.
• There are about 400 to 600
seminiferous tubules in
each
• testis
 Spermatogenic Cells
• Spermatogenic cells or germ
cells present in seminiferous
• tubules are precursor cells of
spermatozoa.
• These cells lie in between
Sertoli cells and are arranged
in an
• orderly manner in 4 to 8
layers.
Sperm

• Different stages of
spermatogenic cells seen
from
• periphery to the lumen of
seminiferous tubules are:
• 1. Spermatogonium
• 2. Primary spermatocyte
• 3. Secondary spermatocyte
• 4. Spermatid.
• 5. Spermatozoa
Sertoli Cells
• Sertoli cells are the supporting
cells for spermatogenic
• cells in seminiferous tubules.
These cells are also called
• sustentacular cells or nurse
cells.
• Support and nourish the
spermatogenic cells till the
• spermatozoa are released from
them
• These provide structural support ,nutrition and protection to
developing sperm
• These form blood testis barrier
• These secrete
• Androgen binding protein: it bind with androgen and maintain their
high concentration inside seminiferous tubule
• Inhibin: it has negative feedback effect with FSH AND ANTERIOR
PITUITARY
• Mullerian inhibiting substance(MIS): CAUSES REGRESSION OF
MULLERIAN DUCTS
Ejaculatory duct
• Duct of seminal vesicle from
each side joins with ampulla
of vas
• deferens to form
ejactulatory duct. Thus
seminal fluid is
• emptied into ejaculatory
ducts, which open into
urethra
 Seminal vesicles
• Seminal vesicles are the paired
glands situated in
• lower abdomen on either side of
prostate gland behind
• urinary bladder. Each seminal
vesicle is a hollow sac of
• irregular shape and is lined by
complexly folded mucous
• membrane.
• Duct of seminal vesicle
from each side joins with
ampulla of vas deferens to
form ejactulatory duct.
• Thus seminal fluid is
emptied into ejaculatory
ducts, which open into
urethra.
• NUTRITION TO SPERMS
• Fructose and other nutritive substances in seminal
• fluid are utilized by sperms after being ejaculated into
• the female genital tract.
• CLOTTING OF SEMEN
• Immediately after ejaculation, semen clots because
• of the conversion of fibrinogen from seminal fluid into
fibrin.
Prostaglandin of seminal fluid enhances fertilization of
ovum
prostate gland
• Human prostate
gland weighs
about 40 g. It
consists
• of 20 to 30
separate glands,
which open
separately
• into the urethra.
• Prostate fluid is a thin, milky and alkaline fluid. It forms
• 30% of total semen.
• End products of metabolic activities in the sperm make
• the fluid in vas deferens acidic, so that the sperms are
• nonmotile.
penis

root

body

Tip/glance penis
root
• Fixed portion that attaches penis to the body wall
• It give support to the body of penis
• This part is hidden in the body
Body/ shaft
• This part is movable and rod like structure