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D C Chapter 08 Topic 114 To 123

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7 views

D C Chapter 08 Topic 114 To 123

Uploaded by

mehmoodazhar415
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Switching

• A network is a set of
connected devices

• Problem of how to
connect multiple devices
to make one-to-one
communication possible

• The solution is Switching

• Switched network
consists of a series of
switches
Switched Network
Three Methods of Switching
• Three Methods:

 Circuit Switching

 Packet Switching

 Message switching

• The first two are


commonly used today

• The third has been


phased out in general
communications
Taxonomy of Switched Networks
Circuit-switched Networks
• A set of switches
connected by physical
links
• A connection between
two stations is a
dedicated path made of
one or more links
• Each connection uses only
one dedicated channel on
each link
• Each link is normally
divided into n channels by
using FDM or TDM
Circuit-switched Networks
• A set of switches
connected by physical
links
A Circuit-Switched Network
Example
As a trivial example, let us use a circuit-switched network to
connect eight telephones in a small area. Communication is
through 4-kHz voice channels. We assume that each link uses
FDM to connect a maximum of two voice channels. The
bandwidth of each link is then 8 kHz.
Example
As another example, consider a circuit-switched network that
connects computers in two remote offices of a private company.
The offices are connected using a T-1 line leased from a
communication service provider. There are two 4 × 8 (4 inputs
and 8 outputs) switches in this network.
Three Phases in a Circuit Switched Network
• The actual
communication in a
circuit-switched network
requires 3 phases:

 Connection Setup
 Data Transfer
 Connection
Teardown
Three Phases in a Circuit Switched Network
Efficiency of a Circuit-Switched Network
• Not as efficient as packet
switching because
resources are allocated
during the entire duration
of the connection and
these resources are
unavailable to other
connections
Efficiency of a Circuit-Switched Network
• In a telephone network,
people normally
terminate the
communication when
they have finished their
conversation

• Data Network is an issue


Delay in a Circuit-Switched Network
• Circuit switched
networks have low
efficiency but minimal
delay

• Data is not delayed at


each switch; the
resources are allocated
for the duration of the
connection
Delay in a Circuit-Switched Network

Data transfer
Packet Switching
• If the message is going
to pass through a
packet-switched
network, it needs to be
divided into packets of
fixed or variable size

• The size of the packet is


determined by the
network and the
governing protocol
Datagram Networks
• Each packet is treated
independently of all
others.

• Even if a packet is part


of a multi-packet
transmission, the
network treats it as
though it existed alone

• Packets are referred to


as datagrams
Virtual-Circuit Networks
• A virtual-circuit network
is a cross between a
circuit-switched network
and a datagram network
Virtual-circuit network
Virtual-Circuit Networks
• A virtual-circuit network
is a cross between a
circuit-switched network
and a datagram network
Virtual-Circuit Networks
Virtual-Circuit Networks
• A virtual-circuit network
is a cross between a
circuit-switched network
and a datagram network
Virtual-Circuit Identifier
Switch & table for a virtual-circuit network
Structure Of A Circuit Switch

• Circuit switching today


can use either of two
technologies:

 The Space-Division
switch
 The Time-Division
switch
Crossbar switch with 3 inputs & 4 outputs
Multistage Switch
Time-Division Switch

• Uses TDM inside a switch

• Most popular technology


is Time-Slot Interchange
(TSI)
Time-Division Switch

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