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Basic Concepts

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Basic Concepts

Material Science

Uploaded by

Hafsa Yola
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-I


EEE 201

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

Course Instructor: Ahmad A. Galadima

1 08/12/2024
Outline

1. Introduction

2. Systems of Units

3. Charge and Current

4. Voltage

5. Power and Energy

6. Circuit Elements

7. Summary

8. References

2 08/12/2024
Introduction

Many branches of electrical engineering, such as


power, electric machines, control, electronics,
communications, and instrumentation, are based
on electric circuit theory.
In electrical engineering, we are often interested
in communicating or transferring energy from one
point to another.
To do this requires an interconnection of electrical
devices. Such interconnection is referred to as an
electric circuit, and each component of the
circuit is known as an element.

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What is an Electric Circuit?

An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical


elements.

Fig 1. A Simple Circuit Fig 2. Electric circuit of a radio


receiver.

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Systems of Units

As engineers, we deal with measurable quantities. Our


measurement, however, must be communicated in a
standard language that virtually all professionals can
understand irrespective of the country where the
measurement is conducted.

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Systems of Units (Cont’d)

One great advantage of


the SI unit is that it uses
prefixes based on the
power of 10 to relate
larger and smaller units
to the basic unit

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Charge and Current

The concept of electric charge is the underlying


principle for explaining all electrical phenomena.
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of
which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C)

The charge e on an electron is negative and equal


in magnitude to 1.602 x 10-19C, while a proton
carries a positive charge of the same magnitude
as the electron.

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Charge and Current (Cont’d)

We now consider the flow of electric charges. A


unique feature of electric charge or electricity is the
fact that it is mobile; that is, it can be transferred
from one place to another
Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in
amperes (A).

Mathematically, the relationship between current i, charge q,


and time t is:

8 08/12/2024 where current is measured in amperes (A)


Charge and Current (Cont’d)

The charge transferred between time and t is


obtained by integrating both sides

If the current does not change with time, but


remains constant, we call it a direct current
(dc).
A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with
time
A time-varying current is represented by the
symbol i. A common form of time-varying
current is the sinusoidal current or alternating Fig 3. Direct Current (D.C)
current (ac).
An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies
sinusoidally with time.

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Fig 4. Alternating Current (A.C)
Examples

10 08/12/2024
Voltage

To move an electron in a conductor in a particular direction


requires some work or energy transfer. This work is performed by
an external electromotive force (emf), typically represented by the
battery.
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit
charge through an element, measured in volts (V).
This emf is also known as voltage or potential difference. The
voltage between two points a and b in an electric circuit is the
energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b;
mathematically,

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Voltage

The vab can be interpreted in two ways: (1) point


a is at a potential of vab volts higher than point b,
or (2) the potential at point a with respect to point
b is . It follows logically that in general

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Power and Energy

Although current and voltage are the two basic variables in an


electric circuit, they are not sufficient by themselves. For practical
purposes, we need to know how much power an electric device can
handle.
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in
watts (W).

where p is power in watts (W),


w is energy in joules (J),
and t is time in seconds (s).

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Power and Energy

Current direction and voltage polarity play a major role in


determining the sign of power. It is therefore important that we
pay attention to the relationship between current i and voltage v

Passive sign convention is satisfied


when the current enters through the
positive terminal of an element and p
= +vi. If the current enters through
the negative terminal, p = -vi

Fig 5. Reference polarities for power using the


passive sign convention: (a) absorbing
power, (b) supplying power.
14 08/12/2024
Power and Energy

In fact, the law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any


electric circuit. For this reason, the algebraic sum of power in a
circuit, at any instant of time, must be zero:

The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time to time t


is

Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).

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Examples

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Circuit Elements

An element is the basic building block of a circuit.

An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements.

Circuit analysis is the process of determining voltages across (or


the currents through) the elements of the circuit.

There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive


elements and active elements. An active element (voltage or
current sources) is capable of generating energy while a passive
element (resistors, capacitors, and inductors) is not.

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Circuit Elements

There are two kinds of sources: independent and dependent


sources.
An ideal independent source is
an active element that provides a
specified voltage or current that
is completely independent of
other circuit elements.

Fig 6. Independent sources

An ideal dependent (or


controlled) source is an active
element in which the source
quantity is controlled by another
voltage or current.
Fig 7. Dependent sources
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Circuit Elements

Dependent sources are usually designated by diamond-shaped


symbols, as shown in Fig 7.

Since the control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage


or current of some other element in the circuit, and the source can
be voltage or current, it follows that there are four possible types
of dependent sources, namely:

Fig 8. The dependent source is a


current-controlled voltage source

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Examples

20 08/12/2024
Summary

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Summary

22 08/12/2024
Reference

Fundamentals of electric circuits / Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N.


O. Sadiku. — 4th ed.

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