GROUP VII

The Halogens

A guide for iGCSE students

KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
2010
SPECIFICATIONS
 GROUP VII
INTRODUCTION
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 GROUP VII
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Group trends
• Group similarities
• Reaction with metals
• Displacement reactions
• Summary
• Quick quiz
• Hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid?
 INTRODUCTION

THE HALOGENS OCCUR IN GROUP VII OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

0
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6
7
F

Cl

Br
I

At
 INTRODUCTION

THE HALOGENS OCCUR IN GROUP VII OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

0
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6
7
F

Cl

Br
I

At

THEY ARE NON-METALS AND HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS

JUST ONE ELECTRON SHORT OF THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS
 GROUP PROPERTIES

GENERAL • non-metals
• exist as separate diatomic molecules… eg Cl2
• have seven electrons in their outer shells
• form negative ions with a 1- charge
• reaction with metals and halides
 GROUP PROPERTIES

GENERAL • non-metals
• exist as separate diatomic molecules… eg Cl2
• have seven electrons in their outer shells
• form negative ions with a 1- charge
• reaction with metals and halides

TRENDS • appearance
• boiling point
• electronic configuration
• atomic size
• ionic size
• reactivity
GROUP TRENDS
 GROUP TRENDS
APPEARANCE

F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Colour Yellow Green Red/brown Grey
State (at RTP) GAS GAS LIQUID SOLID
Vapour colour Yellow Green Red/brown Purple
 GROUP TRENDS
APPEARANCE

F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Colour Yellow Green Red/brown Grey
State (at RTP) GAS GAS LIQUID SOLID
Vapour colour Yellow Green Red/brown Purple

BOILING POINT

F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Boiling point / °C - 188 - 34 58 183

INCREASES down Group because more energy is required to separate

the larger molecules.
 GROUP TRENDS
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

F Cl Br I
Atomic Number 9 17 35 53
Configuration 2,7 2,8,7 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,18,7

• electrons go into shells further from the nucleus

 GROUP TRENDS
ATOMIC & IONIC RADIUS

F Cl Br I
Atomic radius / nm 0.064 0.099 0.111 0.128

NOT TO SCALE
 GROUP TRENDS
ATOMIC & IONIC RADIUS

F Cl Br I
Atomic radius / nm 0.064 0.099 0.111 0.128

F¯ Cl¯ Br¯ I¯
Ionic radius / nm 0.136 0.181 0.195 0.216

ATOMIC RADIUS INCREASES down Group

IONIC RADIUS INCREASES down Group

• the greater the atomic number the more electrons there are
these go into shells increasingly further from the nucleus

• ions are larger than atoms - the added electron repels the
others so radius gets larger
GROUP SIMILARITIES
 GROUP SIMILARITIES
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

F Cl Br I
Atomic Number 9 17 35 53
Configuration 2,7 2,8,7 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,18,7

• all the atoms have seven electrons in their outer shell

• ions are larger than atoms - the added electron repels the
others so radius gets larger
 GROUP SIMILARITIES
MOLECULAR FORMULA

F Cl Br I
Molecular formula F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Bonding Covalent Covalent Covalent Covalent

• all exist as diatomic molecules

NOT TO SCALE
 GROUP SIMILARITIES
ION FORMATION

F Cl Br I
Ion F¯ Cl¯ Br¯ I¯
Configuration 2,8 2,8,8 2,8,18,8 2,8,18,18,8

• all gain one electron to form a negative ion of charge 1-

• ions are larger than atoms

• the smaller the atom the easier it forms an ion

 GROUP SIMILARITIES
ION FORMATION

F Cl Br I
Ion F¯ Cl¯ Br¯ I¯
Configuration 2,8 2,8,8 2,8,18,8 2,8,18,18,8

• all gain one electron to form a negative ion of charge 1-

• ions are larger than atoms

• the smaller the atom the easier it forms an ion

REACTIVITY
F Cl Br I
Reactivity Increasingly reactive

• reactivity decreases down the Group / increases up the Group

REACTIONS OF HALOGENS

1. WITH METALS
2. WITH HALIDES
REACTION OF HALOGENS WITH METALS
 REACTION OF HALOGENS WITH METALS

HALOGENS REACT WITH METALS TO PRODUCE METAL HALIDES.

 REACTION OF HALOGENS WITH METALS

HALOGENS REACT WITH METALS TO PRODUCE METAL HALIDES.

THE EASE OF REACTION DECREASES DOWN THE GROUP F > Cl > Br > I
 REACTION OF HALOGENS WITH METALS

HALOGENS REACT WITH METALS TO PRODUCE METAL HALIDES.

THE EASE OF REACTION DECREASES DOWN THE GROUP F > Cl > Br > I

THIS IS BECAUSE ‘THE LARGER THE HALOGEN ATOM, THE LESS

EASILY IT ATTRACTS THE ELECTRON IT NEEDS
TO FILL ITS OUTER SHELL’
 REACTION OF HALOGENS WITH METALS

HALOGENS REACT WITH METALS TO PRODUCE METAL HALIDES.

THE EASE OF REACTION DECREASES DOWN THE GROUP F > Cl > Br > I

THIS IS BECAUSE ‘THE LARGER THE HALOGEN ATOM, THE LESS

EASILY IT ATTRACTS THE ELECTRON IT NEEDS
TO FILL ITS OUTER SHELL’

THE HALIDES OF GROUP I ARE… WHITE IONIC SOLIDS

VERY SOLUBLE IN WATER

SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl) IS A TYPICAL GROUP I HALIDE

REACTION WITH ALKALI METALS
REACTION WITH ALKALI METALS - Equations

SODIUM + CHLORINE SODIUM CHLORIDE

REACTION WITH ALKALI METALS - Equations

Na + Cl2 NaCl

SODIUM CHLORINE SODIUM CHLORIDE

 REACTION WITH ALKALI METALS - Equations

Na + Cl2 NaCl

SODIUM CHLORINE SODIUM CHLORIDE

The equation doesn’t balance - multiply the formulae until it does

REACTION WITH ALKALI METALS - Equations

Na + Cl2 NaCl

SODIUM CHLORINE SODIUM CHLORIDE

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Balanced equation

 SODIUM CHLORIDE FORMATION

Na Cl

SODIUM ATOM CHLORINE ATOM

2,8,1 2,8,7

11 protons; 11 electrons 17 protons; 17 electrons

 SODIUM CHLORIDE FORMATION

Na+ Cl

SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION

2,8 2,8,8

11 protons; 10 electrons 17 protons; 18 electrons

both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they

have the electronic configuration of a noble gas
 SODIUM CHLORIDE FORMATION

Na+ Cl

SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION

2,8 2,8,8

Na Na+ + e¯
2,8,1 2,8
ELECTRON TRANSFERRED

Cl + e¯ Cl¯
2,8,7 2,8,8
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS

HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS

HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED

THIS DECREASE IN REACTIVITY DOWN THE GROUP CAN BE

DEMONSTRATED USING DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS...

A DISPLACEMENT REACTION IS WHERE ONE SPECIES TAKES THE PLACE

OF ANOTHER IN A COMPOUND.
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS

HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED

THIS DECREASE IN REACTIVITY DOWN THE GROUP CAN BE

DEMONSTRATED USING DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS...

A DISPLACEMENT REACTION IS WHERE ONE SPECIES TAKES THE PLACE

OF ANOTHER IN A COMPOUND.

THE REACTIONS ARE EXAMPLES OF REDOX REACTIONS

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS

CHLORINE BROMINE SODIUM SODIUM SODIUM

WATER WATER CHLORIDE BROMIDE IODIDE
Pale green Orange SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
Colourless Colourless Colourless

A SOLUTION OF THE HALOGEN IS ADDED TO A SOLUTION OF A HALIDE

HALIDES ARE SALTS FORMED BETWEEN ELEMENTS AND HALOGENS

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS

BROMINE SODIUM SODIUM

WATER BROMIDE IODIDE
Orange SOLUTION SOLUTION
Colourless Colourless

Experiment 1

CHLORINE SODIUM NO VISIBLE

WATER CHLORIDE
Pale green SOLUTION
REACTION
Colourless
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS

BROMINE SODIUM SODIUM

WATER CHLORIDE IODIDE
Orange SOLUTION SOLUTION
Colourless Colourless

Experiment 2

CHLORINE SODIUM BROMINE

WATER BROMIDE
Pale green SOLUTION
produced
Colourless
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS

BROMINE SODIUM SODIUM

WATER CHLORIDE BROMIDE
Orange SOLUTION SOLUTION
Colourless Colourless

Experiment 3

CHLORINE SODIUM IODINE

WATER IODIDE
Pale green SOLUTION
produced
Colourless
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS

CHLORINE SODIUM SODIUM

WATER BROMIDE IODIDE
Pale green SOLUTION SOLUTION
Colourless Colourless

Experiment 4

BROMINE SODIUM NO VISIBLE

WATER CHLORIDE
Orange SOLUTION
REACTION
Colourless
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS

CHLORINE SODIUM SODIUM

WATER CHLORIDE IODIDE
Pale green SOLUTION SOLUTION
Colourless Colourless

Experiment 5

BROMINE SODIUM NO VISIBLE

WATER BROMIDE
Orange SOLUTION
REACTION
Colourless
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS

CHLORINE SODIUM SODIUM

WATER CHLORIDE BROMIDE
Pale green SOLUTION SOLUTION
Colourless Colourless

Experiment 6

BROMINE SODIUM IODINE

WATER IODIDE
Orange SOLUTION
produced
Colourless
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS

SODIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM BROMIDE SODIUM IODIDE

1 2 3
Solution stays Solution goes from Solution goes from
CHLORINE colourless colourless to orange- colourless to orange-
yellow red
NO REACTION BROMINE FORMED IODINE FORMED

4 5 6
Solution goes from Solution goes from Solution goes from
BROMINE colourless to orange- colourless to orange- colourless to red
yellow yellow IODINE FORMED
NO REACTION NO REACTION

The colour change in Experiments 4 and 5 is

due to dilution – there is no reaction
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
EQUATIONS

CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE

CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE

BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
EQUATIONS

CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM

BROMIDE
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
EQUATIONS

CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM

BROMIDE
Cl2(aq) + NaBr(aq) —> Br2(aq) + NaCl(aq)

The equation doesn’t balance - multiply the formulae until it does

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
EQUATIONS

CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM

BROMIDE
Cl2(aq) + NaBr(aq) —> Br2(aq) + NaCl(aq)
Cl2(aq) + 2NaBr(aq) —> Br2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
EQUATIONS

CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM

BROMIDE

Cl2(aq) + 2NaBr(aq) —> Br2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)

IONIC EQUATION

Cl2(aq) + 2Br¯(aq) —> Br2(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq)

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
EQUATIONS

CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM

BROMIDE

Cl2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) —> I2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)

IONIC EQUATION

Cl2(aq) + 2I¯(aq) —> I2(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq)

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
EQUATIONS

CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM

BROMIDE

Br2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) —> I2(aq) + 2NaBr(aq)

IONIC EQUATION

Br2(aq) + 2I¯(aq) —> I2(aq) + 2Br¯(aq)

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
SUMMARY

CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM

BROMIDE

THIS SHOWS THAT A MORE REACTIVE HALOGEN WILL DISPLACE

A LESS REACTIVE ONE FROM AN AQUEOUS
SOLUTION OF ITS SALT
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
EQUATIONS

CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

CHLORINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE

BROMINE + SODIUM IODIDE IODINE + SODIUM

BROMIDE

THIS SHOWS THAT A MORE REACTIVE HALOGEN WILL DISPLACE

A LESS REACTIVE ONE FROM AN AQUEOUS
SOLUTION OF ITS SALT

HOWEVER, THIS REACTION DOES NOT TAKE PLACE

BROMINE + SODIUM CHLORIDE CHLORINE + SODIUM BROMIDE

(Bromine is below chlorine in the Group so is less reactive)

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
EXPLANATION

17+ 35+

CHLORINE ATOM
17 PROTONS BROMIDE ION
17 ELECTRONS 35 PROTONS
2,8,7 36 ELECTRONS
2,8,18,8

THE CHLORINE
PRESS
ATOMTHE
PULLS
SPACE
AN BAR
ELECTRON
TO SEEOUT
WHAT
OF HAPPENS
THE OUTER SHELL OF
THE BROMIDE ION – THE CHLORINE ATOM BECOMES A CHLORIDE ION AND
THE BROMIDE ION BECOMES A BROMINE ATOM.
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS
EXPLANATION

CHLORINE ATOM BROMIDE ION

17 PROTONS 35 PROTONS CHLORIDE ION BROMINE ATOM
17 ELECTRONS 36 ELECTRONS 17 PROTONS 35 PROTONS
18 ELECTRONS 35 ELECTRONS

BECAUSE BROMINE ATOMS ARE LARGER THAN CHLORINE ATOMS, IT IS

EASIER TO PULL ONE OF THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS OUT.

CHLORINE NOW HAS THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF

A NOBLE GAS.
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS - REDOX
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS - REDOX

A REDOX REACTION INVOLVES BOTH OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS - REDOX

A REDOX REACTION INVOLVES BOTH OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

REDUCTION IS THE… GAIN OF ELECTRONS

OXIDATION IS THE… REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS - REDOX

A REDOX REACTION INVOLVES BOTH OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

REDUCTION IS THE… GAIN OF ELECTRONS

OXIDATION IS THE… REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS

IN THE REACTION BETWEEN CHLORINE AND SODIUM BROMIDE, CHLORINE

ATOMS PULL ELECTRONS OUT OF BROMIDE IONS.

Cl2(aq) + 2Br¯(aq) ——> Br2(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq)

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS - REDOX

A REDOX REACTION INVOLVES BOTH OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

REDUCTION IS THE… GAIN OF ELECTRONS

OXIDATION IS THE… REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS

IN THE REACTION BETWEEN CHLORINE AND SODIUM BROMIDE, CHLORINE

ATOMS PULL ELECTRONS OUT OF BROMIDE IONS.

THE BROMIDE IONS ARE OXIDISED… ELECTRONS ARE REMOVED

CHLORINE IS THE ELECTRONS

OXIDISING AGENT REMOVED

Cl2(aq) + 2Br¯(aq) ——> Br2(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq)

OXIDISED
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS - REDOX

A REDOX REACTION INVOLVES BOTH OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

REDUCTION IS THE… GAIN OF ELECTRONS

OXIDATION IS THE… REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS

IN THE REACTION BETWEEN CHLORINE AND SODIUM BROMIDE, CHLORINE

ATOMS PULL ELECTRONS OUT OF BROMIDE IONS.

THE BROMIDE IONS ARE OXIDISED… ELECTRONS ARE REMOVED

THE CHLORINE ATOMS ARE REDUCED… ELECTRONS ARE GAINED

BROMIDE ION IS THE

REDUCING AGENT

Cl2(aq) + 2Br¯(aq) ——> Br2(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq)

REDUCED
GAIN OF ELECTRONS
 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS OF HALOGENS - REDOX

A REDOX REACTION INVOLVES BOTH OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

REDUCTION IS THE… GAIN OF ELECTRONS

OXIDATION IS THE… REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS

IN THE REACTION BETWEEN CHLORINE AND SODIUM BROMIDE, CHLORINE

ATOMS PULL ELECTRONS OUT OF BROMIDE IONS.

THE BROMIDE IONS ARE OXIDISED… ELECTRONS ARE REMOVED

THE CHLORINE ATOMS ARE REDUCED… ELECTRONS ARE GAINED

ELECTRONS
REMOVED

Cl2(aq) + 2Br¯(aq) ——> Br2(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq)

REDUCED OXIDISED
GAIN OF ELECTRONS
 OXIDISING POWER OF HALOGENS

HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED

THIS IS DUE TO THEIR DECREASING OXIDISING ABILITY

 OXIDISING POWER OF HALOGENS

HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED

THIS IS DUE TO THEIR DECREASING OXIDISING ABILITY

F Cl Br I
Atomic Number 9 17 35 53
Configuration 2,7 2,8,7 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,18,7
Atomic radius / nm 0.064 0.099 0.111 0.128

---- DECREASING OXIDISING POWER ----->

 OXIDISING POWER OF HALOGENS

HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED

THIS IS DUE TO THEIR DECREASING OXIDISING ABILITY

F Cl Br I
Atomic Number 9 17 35 53
Configuration 2,7 2,8,7 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,18,7
Atomic radius / nm 0.064 0.099 0.111 0.128

---- DECREASING OXIDISING POWER ----->

THE SMALLER THE HALOGEN, THE LESS SHIELDING THERE IS AND THE
GREATER THE EFFECTIVE PULL OF THE NUCLEUS.
 OXIDISING POWER OF HALOGENS

HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED

THIS IS DUE TO THEIR DECREASING OXIDISING ABILITY

F Cl Br I
Atomic Number 9 17 35 53
Configuration 2,7 2,8,7 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,18,7
Atomic radius / nm 0.064 0.099 0.111 0.128

---- DECREASING OXIDISING POWER ----->

THE SMALLER THE HALOGEN, THE LESS SHIELDING THERE IS AND THE
GREATER THE EFFECTIVE PULL OF THE NUCLEUS.

THE GREATER THE PULL OF THE NUCLEUS, THE EASIER THE ATOM CAN
PULL AN ELECTRON OUT OF ANOTHER SPECIES.
 OXIDISING POWER OF HALOGENS

HALOGENS GET LESS REACTIVE AS THE GROUP IS DESCENDED

THIS IS DUE TO THEIR DECREASING OXIDISING ABILITY

F Cl Br I
Atomic Number 9 17 35 53
Configuration 2,7 2,8,7 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,18,7
Atomic radius / nm 0.064 0.099 0.111 0.128

---- DECREASING OXIDISING POWER ----->

THE SMALLER THE HALOGEN, THE LESS SHIELDING THERE IS AND THE
GREATER THE EFFECTIVE PULL OF THE NUCLEUS.

THE GREATER THE PULL OF THE NUCLEUS, THE EASIER THE ATOM CAN
PULL AN ELECTRON OUT OF ANOTHER SPECIES.

CONSEQUENTLY, THE BIGGER THE ATOM, THE EASIER AN ELECTRON CAN

BE REMOVED.
 GROUP VII - SUMMARY
FLUORINE CHLORINE BROMINE IODINE

SYMBOL F Cl Br I
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
APPEARANCE PALE YELLOW PALE GREEN RED-BROWN GREY-BLACK

STATE (room temp) GAS GAS LIQUID SOLID

COLOUR OF VAPOUR PALE YELLOW GREEN RED-BROWN PURPLE

ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,7 2,8,7 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,18,7
BOILING POINT INCREASES

ION F¯ Cl¯ Br¯ I¯

(electronic config) 2,8 2,8,8 2,8,18,8 2,8,18,18,8
REACTION WITH
SODIUM LESS REACTIVE
PRODUCT OF REACTION SODIUM SODIUM SODIUM SODIUM IODIDE
WITH SODIUM FLUORIDE (NaF) CHLORIDE (NaCl) BROMIDE (NaBr) (NaI)
 QUICK QUIZ

1. ELEMENTS IN GROUP 7 ARE KNOWN AS THE ………

2. WHAT ARE THE NAMES OF THE ELEMENTS
3. HOW DOES THE ATOMIC NUMBER CHANGE DOWN THE GROUP?
4. HOW DOES THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION CHANGE?
5. HOW DOES THE ATOMIC SIZE (RADIUS) CHANGE?
6. HOW MANY ELECTRONS DO THEY HAVE IN THE OUTER LEVEL?
7. ARE THEY METALS OR NON-METALS?
8. WHAT HAPPENS TO THEIR COLOUR DOWN THE GROUP?
9. DO THEY GO AROUND IN PAIRS OR AS MONATOMIC GASES?
10. WHAT HAPPENS TO THEIR STATE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE?
11. WHAT TYPE OF COMPOUNDS DO THEY FORM WITH METALS?

12. HOW CAN EXPLAIN THEIR RELATIVE REACTIVITY IN TERMS OF THE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE?
 QUICK QUIZ - ANSWERS

1. HALOGENS.
2. FLUORINE, CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE, ASTATINE.
3. ATOMIC NUMBER INCREASES DOWN THE GROUP.
4. GET MORE SHELLS DOWN THE GROUP.
5. ATOMIC SIZE INCREASES DOWN THE GROUP.
6. THEY ALL HAVE SEVEN ELECTRONS IN THE OUTER LEVEL.
7. THEY ARE NON-METALS.
8. COLOUR DARKENS DOWN THE GROUP.
9. ATOMS GO AROUND IN PAIRS OR AS DIATOMIC GASES.
10. GO FROM GAS TO SOLID DOWN THE GROUP.
11. THEY FORM IONIC COMPOUNDS WITH METALS.
12. THE LARGER THEY ARE THE LESS EASILY ELECTRONS ARE GAINED
AND THE LESS REACTIVE THEY BECOME.
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE OR HYDROCHLORIC ACID?
 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE OR HYDROCHLORIC ACID?

Hydrogen chloride is a colourless covalent gas; it is a poor conductor of

electricity because there are no free electrons or ions present. It has no
action on dry litmus paper because there are no aqueous hydrogen ions
present.
 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE OR HYDROCHLORIC ACID?

Hydrogen chloride is a
colourless covalent gas; it is a
poor conductor of electricity
because there are no free
electrons or ions present. It has
no action on dry litmus paper
because there are no aqueous
hydrogen ions present.
 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE OR HYDROCHLORIC ACID?

Hydrogen chloride is a In water, the hydrogen chloride

colourless covalent gas; it is a molecules dissociate into ions. The
poor conductor of electricity solution now conducts electricity
because there are no free showing ions are present. For each
electrons or ions present. It has hydrogen chloride molecule that
no action on dry litmus paper dissociates (splits up) one hydrogen ion
because there are no aqueous and one chloride ion are produced. The
hydrogen ions present. solution turns litmus paper red because
of the H+(aq) ions.
 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE OR HYDROCHLORIC ACID?

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE HYDROCHLORIC ACID

colourless gas Appearance colourless soln.

covalent molecule Bonding aqueous ions
HCl(g) Formula HCl(aq)
poor Conductivity good
no reaction Dry blue litmus goes red

HCl(g) —> H+ (aq) + Cl¯(aq)

 DOES HYDROGEN CHLORIDE ALWAYS DISSOCIATE?

Hydrogen chloride dissociates in water because water is a polar solvent.

However, when hydrogen chloride is placed in an organic solvent such as
methylbenzene it does not dissociate and does not produce H + ions.

WATER METHYLBENZENE
A polar solvent A non-polar solvent
Molecules dissociate NO dissociation
The solution turns litmus The solution does not
paper red because of the litmus paper red because
H+(aq) ions. there are NO H+(aq) ions.
WHY DOES HYDROGEN CHLORIDE DISSOCIATE IN WATER?

WATER IS A POLAR SOLVENT –

it has one end which is slightly positive negative positive
end end
and another end which is slightly positive.
WHY DOES HYDROGEN CHLORIDE DISSOCIATE IN WATER?

WATER IS A POLAR SOLVENT –

it has one end which is slightly positive negative positive
end end
and another end which is slightly positive.

When a molecule of hydrogen chloride

is put into water, the water molecules
‘encourage’ the covalent bond holding
the hydrogen and chlorine atoms
together to split, thus forming ions.

HCl(g) —> H+ (aq) + Cl¯(aq)

WHY DOES HYDROGEN CHLORIDE DISSOCIATE IN WATER?

WATER IS A POLAR SOLVENT –

it has one end which is slightly positive negative positive
end end
and another end which is slightly positive.

When a molecule of hydrogen chloride

is put into water, the water molecules
‘encourage’ the covalent bond holding
the hydrogen and chlorine atoms
together to split, thus forming ions.

HCl(g) —> H+ (aq) + Cl¯(aq)

The chloride ions are attracted to the

slightly positive hydrogen end of water.

The slightly negative oxygen end of

water attracts the H+ ions.
 GROUP VII
The Halogens

THE END

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