Electric Power + Fuel Power

Hybrid Electric Vehicles…

A vehicle will have one energy source and energy
converter (power source),

• Gasoline (or diesel) heat engine system

• Hydrogen–fuel cell–electric motor system
• Chemical battery–electric motor system

• When a vehicle uses two or more energy sources and

energy converters is called a hybrid vehicle.
• A hybrid vehicle with an electrical power train
(energy source energy converters) is called an HEV.
Conceptual illustration of
a hybrid electric drive
train
LF-IC engine

Battery- EM

Available patterns of combining the power

flows to meet load requirements
1. Power train 1 alone delivers power to the load
2. Power train 2 alone delivers power to the load
3. Both power train 1 and 2 deliver power to load at the same time
4. Power train 2 obtains power from load (regenerative braking)
5. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1
6. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1 and load at the same time
7. Power train 1 delivers power to load and to power train 2 at the same time
8. Power train 1 delivers power to power train 2, and power train 2 delivers power to load
9. Power train 1 delivers power to load, and load delivers power to power train 2.
 LF-IC engine

Battery- EM

1. Power train 1 alone delivers power to the load

• Batteries are completely depleted and the engine has no remaining power to charge the
batteries
• Batteries have been fully charged and the engine is able to supply sufficient power to
meet the power demands of the vehicle.
2. Power train 2 alone delivers power to the load
• Pure electric propelling mode, in which the engine is shut off.
• Situations where the engine cannot operate effectively,
 LF-IC engine

Battery- EM

3. Both power train 1 and 2 deliver power to load at the same time
• hybrid traction mode and may be used when a large amount of power is needed
• During sharp acceleration or Steep hill climbing.
4. Power train 2 obtains power from load (regenerative braking)
• regenerative braking mode, by which the kinetic or potential energy of the vehicle is
recovered through the electric motor functioning as a generator.
• The recovered energy is stored in the batteries and reused later
 LF-IC engine

Battery- EM

5. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1

• the mode in which the engine charges the batteries while the vehicle is at a
standstill, coasting, or descending a slight grade, in which no power goes into or
comes from the load.
6. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1 and load at the same time
• the mode in which both regenerative braking and the IC engine charge the
batteries simultaneously
 LF-IC engine

Battery- EM

5. Power train 1 delivers power to load and to power train 2 at the same time
• the mode in which the engine propels the vehicle and charges the batteries
simultaneously
8. Power train 1 delivers power to power train 2, and power train 2 delivers power to
load
• the mode in which the engine charges the batteries, and the batteries supply power to
the load
9. Power train 1 delivers power to load, and load delivers power to power train 2.
 Load power decomposed into steady and dynamic components

• Acceleration IC Engine + Electric Motor

• Deceleration
• Uphill gradient IC engine has the best efficiency suffering in
• Downhill gradient efficiency operating an electric motor is not
region with a wide as detrimental when
throttle opening compared to an IC
engine
Classification of hybrid electric vehicles
 Series hybrid
drive train
• A series hybrid drive train is a
drive train where two power
sources feed a single powerplant
(electric motor) that propels the
vehicle.
• The unidirectional energy source
is a fuel tank and the
unidirectional energy converter
is an engine coupled to an
• The output of the electric generator is connected to an electric power bus through an
electric generator.
electronic converter (rectifier).
• The bidirectional energy source is an electrochemical battery pack, connected to the bus by
means of a power electronics converter (DC/DC converter).
• The electric power bus is also connected to the controller of the electric traction motor.
• The traction motor can be controlled either as a motor or a generator, and in forward or
reverse motion.
• This drive train may need a battery charger to charge the batteries by a wall plug-in from the
power network.
Series hybrid electric drivetrains potentially
have the following operation modes:
1. Pure electric mode: The engine is turned
off and the vehicle is propelled only by the
batteries.
2. Pure engine mode: The vehicle traction
power only comes from the engine-
generator, while the batteries neither supply
nor draw any power from the drive train.
The electric machines serve as an electric
transmission from the engine to the driven
3. Hybrid mode: The traction power is drawn from both the enginegenerator and the
wheels.
batteries.
4. Engine traction and battery charging mode: The engine-generator supplies power to
charge the batteries and to propel the vehicle.
5. Regenerative braking mode: The engine-generator is turned off and the traction motor is
operated as a generator. The power generated is used to charge the batteries.
6. Battery charging mode: The traction motor receives no power and the engine-generator
charges the batteries.
7. Hybrid battery charging mode: Both the engine-generator and the traction motor
operate as generators to charge the batteries.
Series hybrid drive trains offer several advantages:
1. The engine is fully mechanical when decoupled from the driven wheels. Therefore, it can
be operated at any point on its speed–torque characteristic map, and can potentially be
operated solely within its maximum efficiency region.
2. Because electric motors have near-ideal torque–speed characteristics, they do not need
multi-gear transmissions. Therefore, their construction is greatly simplified and the cost is
reduced.
1. Furthermore, instead of using one motor and a differential gear, two motors may be
used, each powering a single wheel. This provides speed decoupling between the two
wheels like a differential.
2. The ultimate refinement would use four motors, thus making the vehicle an all-wheel-
drive without the expense and complexity of differentials and drive shafts running
through the frame.
3. Simple control strategies may be used as a result of the mechanical decoupling provided by
the electrical transmission.
However, series hybrid electric drive trains have some disadvantages:
1. The energy from the engine is converted twice (mechanical to electrical in the generator
and electrical to mechanical in the traction motor). The inefficiencies of the generator
and traction motor add up and the losses may be significant.
2. The generator adds additional weight and cost.
3. The traction motor must be sized to meet maximum requirements since it is the only
powerplant propelling the vehicle.
1 2
 Parallel Hybrid Electric Drive Trains

• A parallel hybrid drive train is a

drive train in which the engine
supplies its power mechanically to
the wheels like in a conventional
ICE-powered vehicle.
• It is assisted by an electric motor
that is mechanically coupled to the
transmission.
• The powers of the engine and
electric motor are coupled together • The mechanical coupling may be a torque or
by mechanical coupling. speed coupling.
• The mechanical combination of • The torque coupling adds the torques of the
the engine and electric motor engine and the electric motor together or splits
power leaves room for several the engine torque into two parts: propelling and
Tractive effort along with vehicle speed with different transmission schemes
 Two-axle configuration Two-shaft configuration

Pre-transmission single-shaft Post-transmission single-

torque combination shaft torque combination