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Development of New Seeds

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21 views

Development of New Seeds

Uploaded by

shealtiel96
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOLOGY

DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SEEDS


SSS 3
What are we going to learn in this topic?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this lesson, student should be able to:


 Define fertilization in plants.
 Describe the Structures of the pollen grain and ovule.
 Explain how embryo is formed during fertilization in flowering
plants.
 Describe the structure of a seed.
 Mention the types of seeds.
 Outline the conditions required for the germination of seeds.
INTRODUCTION

 Development of seeds is a characteristic of all


flowering plants also known as ‘spermatophytes’.
 The process of development of seed is sexual (involves
the union of the male and female reproductive cells)
 Pollination is the only first step by which seed
development begins in flowering plants.
 Pollination brings about fertilization and development
of embryo.
What is Development of New Seeds?

 It is the series of changes within the ovary of a


flower beginning with pollination then
fertilization to ripening of the ovule.
During this sequence, the flower changes into a
fruit enclosing the seeds.
PROCESS LEADING TO SEED DEVELOPMENT

1. Pollination:
Pollens from a
male flower are
transferred to the
female flower by a
pollinator e.g. an
insect
2. Fertilization.

 First a single pollen


nucleus fertilizes the egg
of an ovule to form a
zygote.
 Another pollen nucleus
may fuse with two polar
nuclei (secondary
nucleus) to form an
endosperm.
3. Ripening
 During ripening the
ovary develops into
a fruit and its walls
become the fruit wall
 the fertilized ovule
develop into seed
and the inner and
outer covering
become the
seedcoats.
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER FERTILIZATION IN FLOWERING
PLANTS

• Development of the
Embryo.

 the embryo emerge from


the zygote formed during
fertilization.
 The zygote divides many
times by mitosis to form
many cells that in turn
differentiate into parts of
an embryo.
What is an Embryo?

 An embryo is enclosed
within a ripened fertilized
ovule known as the seed.
 The embryo is live of the
seed and it can germinate
into a new plant.
Structure of an Embryo

The embryo is made up of the following parts:


1. The plumule or embryonic shoot
2. The radicle or embryonic root
3. The cotyledon (one or two)
4. sometimes an endosperm
What is a Seed?
A seed is a fertilized, developed and ripened ovule of a flower.
Structure Of a Seed

What a seed is made up of are:


1. The seed coat or Testa (outer and inner coverings) of
the embryo.
2. Hilum (point of attachment to a seed stalk or funicle).
3. Micropyle (a tiny hole that regulates air and water
reaching the embryo).
4. The embryo (the live bearing matter).
Types of Seeds
We have two types of seeds based on the kind of
cotyledons they have
What is a Cotyledon?

A cotyledon is the leaf of a germinating


embryo of a seed.
It is the first leaf of the seedling.
1. Monocotyledonous Seed e.g. Maize

The embryo of this seed bears only one seed-


leaf during germination.
2. Dicotyledonous Seed e.g. Cowpea

The embryo of this seed bears two seed-leaves


during germination.
How Monocots Differ from Dicots
GERMINATION OF SEEDS

What is Germination?
Germination is the series of processes or changes
involved in the gradual development of the embryo of a
seed into a young plant or a seedling.
Types of Germination

There are two types of germination


1. Epigeal Germination.

 The seed leaf or cotyledon of germinating seed is


carried above the soil surface.
 It is characteristic of dicots, e.g. cowpea, groundnuts,
etc.
2. Hypogeal Germination
 The seed leaf or cotyledon of germinating seed remains
in the soil after germination.
 It is characteristic of monocots, e.g. maize, guinea corn,
millet, etc.
Differences Between Epigeal and Hypogeal
Germination.

Epigeal Germination Hypogeal Germination


• It is characteristic of dicots. • It is characteristic of monocots.
• hypocotyl emerges uncovered • Epicotyl covered by sheath called
• Cotyledons are carried above coleorhiza.
the soil surface • Cotyledon remain in the soil.
• Hypocotyl elongates • Epicotyl elongates
• Cotyledons are the first • Foliage leaves are the first
photosynthetic tissues. photosynthetic tissues.
Conditions Necessary for Germination

 A seed would remain dormant until it finds


favorable condition to germinate.
 Seed dormancy is a state of rest or little cell
activity.
What We Must Provide For Seed to Germinate

1. Water or Moisture
2. Air or Oxygen
3. Warmth or Suitable temperature
4. Enzymes
5. Energy from food reserve
6. Viable seeds.
THANK YOU

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