CARBON AND

ITS COMPOUNDS
• Introduction
• Carbon
Wondering why all
other elements
disappeared and
CARBON didn’t?
Lets see why..
119 elements are
known to us, each
important in its own
way. Here are a few
of them…
 Lets distinguish them into

Things made of Things made of

Others
metal glass and clay

Can you guess the

CARBON
common element
found in all ?
The earth’s crust – 0.02% carbon in the form of minerals
(carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, coal and petroleum).
Atmosphere – 0.03% carbon dioxide.
 Carbon

ELEMENT NON-METAL

MAJOR CONSTITUENT OF COAL (CARBON)

SYMBOL – C

ATOMIC NO. – 6

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION – (2,4)

VALENCY – 4
 Carbon

To gain stable state

But But it would

it would be difficult
require a large for the
amount
of nucleus
energy to with six protons
remove to hold
four electrons
leaving onbehind
to ten aelectrons, that is,
carbon cation with
four extra electrons.
six protons in its nucleus holding on
to just two electrons
Either can gain 4 electrons

or
Lose 4 electrons
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Carbon shares its valence electrons
forming covalent bonds
• Formation of covalent Compounds
 Carbon shares its valence electrons forming covalent bonds

 Chemical bond formed by sharing of electrons between two

atoms is called covalent bonding.

Covalent bond
 ALL NON
IS CARBON THEMETALS FORM
ONLY ELEMENT
THAT COVALENT BONDS
FORMS COVALENT
BONDS???
FORMATION OF COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
 Formation of Hydrogen Molecule

1p 1p 1p 1p

H (Z=1) H (Z=1)
(1)
To become stable
(1)Since total 2
electrons (1pair)
H.. H
Electrons of atoms of
H H
Atomic are shared we say
one H no.
atom shares same element are
that…
A chemical1bond
electron with by represented by same
formed
SHARING of other
ONEH atom. symbol (either dot or
PAIR of electrons
is called as SINGLE COVALENT cross)
BOND.
 Formation of Chlorine Molecule

17p 17p 17p 17p

18n 18n 18n 18n

Cl (Z=17)
(2,8,7)
Cl (Z=17)
(2,8,7) Since total 2
To become stable
electrons (1pair)
Cl . . Cl
Electrons of atoms
say of
Cl Cl
are shared we
one Cl atom shares 1 same element are
Atomic no. that…
A chemical electron
bond with otherby represented by same
formed
SHARING Cl ofatom. symbol (either dot or
ONE PAIR of electrons
is called as SINGLE COVALENT cross)
BOND.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Formation of oxygen molecule
• Formation of nitrogen molecule
 Formation of Oxygen Molecule

8p 8p 8p 8p
8n
Atomic no.
8n 8n 8n

O (Z=8) O (Z=8) ..
(2,6) (2,6) Since total 4
To become stable electrons (2pairs)
O .. O
Electrons of atoms of

O O
one O atom are shared we say
same element are
shares 2 electrons that…
A chemical bond formed by represented by same
SHARING of with
TWOother O
PAIRS of symbol (either dot or
atom.
electrons is called as DOUBLEcross)
COVALENT BOND.
 Formation of Nitrogen Molecule

7p 7p 7p 7p
7n 7n 7n 7n

..
N (Z=7)
(2,5)
N (Z=7)
(2,5) N ..
.. N
To become stable Since total 6
one N atom shares electrons
electrons with
3 i.e. 3 pairs N N
A chemicalanother
bond N formed of electrons
by SHARING are
atom. shared we say that…
of THREE PAIRS of electrons is
called as TRIPLE COVALENT BOND.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Formation of water molecule
• Formation of methane molecule
• Formation of Carbon dioxide molecule
 Formation of water molecule (H2O)

ATOMIC NUMBER OF HYDROGEN IS 1.

THUS VALENCY OF HYDROGEN IS 1.
THEY WILL SHARE
1 ELCTRON
ATOMIC NUMBER OF OXYGEN IS 8WITH
(2,6).
EACH OTHER.
THUS VALENCY OF OXYGEN
HOW MANYIS 2.
ELECTRONS
WILL THEY SHARE?

H + O + H

H atom O atom H atom

 Formation of methane molecule (CH4)

ATOMIC NUMBER OF HYDROGEN IS 1.

H
THUS VALENCY OF HYDROGEN IS 1.
H C H
H OF CARBON IS 6 (2,4).
ATOMIC NUMBER
THUS VALENCY OF CARBON IS 4. H
H atom

H C H
H atom H atom

H
H atom
 Formation of carbon dioxide molecule (CO2)

ATOMIC NUMBER OF OXYGEN IS 8.

THUS VALENCY OF OXYGEN IS 2.
ATOMIC NUMBER OF CARBON IS 6 (2,4).
O C O
THUS VALENCY OF CARBON IS 4.

O atom C atom O atom

O=C=O
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Properties of Organic Compounds
• Allotropes of carbon
 PROPERTIES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS

They are usually liquids or gases due to weak force of

attraction between their molecules. Only some are solids.

They have LOW MELTING AND BOILING POINTs except

diamond graphite. Due to weak molecular force of
attraction little energy is required to beak these forces.

They are generally Insoluble in water but soluble in organic

solvents

POOR CONDUCTORS OF HEAT AND ELECTRICITY because

they do not contain ions.
 OCCURENCE OF CARBON

FREE STATE COMBINED STATE

 CARBON DIOXIDE
 DIAMOND
 CARBONATES
 GRAPHITE
(LIMESTONE)
 BUCKMINSTER
 FOSSIL FUELS (COAL,
FULLERENE
PETROLEUM, NATURAL
GAS)
 Allotropes of carbon

The various physical forms in which an element can exist are called
allotropes of the element.
 Diamond Graphite
Colourless transparent Grayish black opaque
substance having substance.
extraordinary brilliance.
Each carbon linked to Each carbon linked to
four other neighboring three other neighboring
carbon atoms carbon atoms.
It has rigid three It has sheet like
dimensional structure. structure forming an
hexagonal array.
Does not conduct Conducts electricity
electricity because no due to presence of free
free electrons present. electrons.
Extremely hard and Soft and light as
heavy. compared to diamond.
 Uses

Diamond is used as precious stones in jewellery.

Black diamonds are used for cutting glass.

Graphite is used in making electrodes, lubricants and lead pencils.

Substances used to
Electric conductors which reduce the friction
are connected to positive or between moving
negative terminals of the parts.
battery(cathode and anode)
 Fullerene

 Allotrope of carbon
 C- 60
 Arranged in the shape of a football.
 It looked like geodesic dome designed
by US architect Buckminster Fuller.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Versatile nature of carbon
• Catenation
• Tetravalency
• Types of organic compounds
 Versatile nature of carbon

Carbon forms covalent bonds. The nature of these covalent

bonds enables carbon to form large number of compounds.

Two factors responsible for

The
largenumber
number ofofcarbon
carbon
What
compounds could
arebe the
compoundsreason
are CATENATION
for this ? &
recently estimated
TETRAVALENCY to
be about 3 million.
 Catenation

Carbon atoms of
The property mayselfbe linked by single,
combination double
of atoms or triple
to form largebonds.
molecules is called catenation

C C
CC C
C C C CC CC
C C
StraightCChain
C C
Closed
C C
C C
Chain
Branched Chain
C
Elements that show catenation

Carbon
Sulphur
Silicon
Phosphorous
 Tetravalency

Since, carbon has valency of four, it is capable of bonding with

four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other mono-valent
element.

H C H
Cl
H
At the beginning of the 19th century – compounds
obtained directly or indirectly from

Plants Organic Animals

For organic compounds it
was postulated that a vital
force was
Compounds necessaryfrom
obtained for minerals -
their synthesis

Inorganic
 GERMAN CHEMIST - WOHLER

Germany
In 1828, he made urea from Ammonium cyanate.
An organic An inorganic
compound compound
Organic compounds
refers to all compounds
containing Carbon and
Hydrogen which are
obtained from living
system and now-a-days
which can also be
synthesized in the
laboratory.
 Types of organic compounds

Hydrocarbons

Haloalkanes

Alcohol

Aldehyde

Ketone

Vinegar
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Hydrocarbons
• Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne
 Hydrocarbon

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING CARBON AND HYDROGEN

HH HH

CC CC
HH HH
 Hydrocarbons
All organic compounds contain hydrogen along with carbon.
Open
Theychain Closed-chain/ring
are the fundamental organic compounds also known as
Hydrocarbons cyclic
‘parent ’ compounds. These compounds are hydrocarbon
known as

Saturated Unsaturated

Alkane Alkene Alkyne

C C C C C C
AAhydrocarbon
hydrocarbon inin
which
whichthe
the
Carbon
Carbonatoms
atomsare
are
linked
linked
toto
each
each
other
other
by double
only byorsingle
triplebond
bonds
is are
called
called
saturated
as unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
hydrocarbon.
 Alkane Alkene Alkyne

C C C C C C

Single bond Double bond Triple bond

General formula :
CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2
Alkenes contain 2 H Alkynes contain 2 H atoms less as
atoms less as compared compared to corresponding alkenes
to corresponding and 4 H atoms less as compared to
alkanes. corresponding alkanes.
In alkanes, ane indicates single bond.
Root
In alkenes, ene indicates double word
bond.
Compound with 1 C atom Meth-
And in alkynes, yne indicates triple bond.
Compound with 2 C atoms Eth-
But as you can see “alk” is common for all.
Compound with 3 C atoms Prop-
ItCompound
representswith
the no.
4 C of carbon atoms
atoms But- and is called the root word.
Compound with 5 C atoms Pent-
Compound with 6 C atoms Hex-
Compound with 7 C atoms Hept-
Compound with 8 C atoms Oct-
Compound with 9 C atoms Non
Compound with 10 C atoms Dec
 Formation of Hydrocarbon

H H H H . H.
H
x x
H C C
H H H C C H H C C H
x x x x
H H H
. H. . H.
H

Methane
Ethane Ethene Ethyne

As the number of carbonAs in the single bond has been

As the single bond has been
this molecule is two methreplaced by a double bond
replaced by a triple bond
gets replaced by eth. ane gets replaced by ene.
ane gets replaced by yne.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Saturated hydrocarbons
(Alkane) CnH2n+2
 SATURATED
HYDROCARBONS(ALKANE)
CnH2n+2
ALKANE General formula : CnH2n+2

Put n=1, Always remember : Put n=2,

To draw
H the H H
C1H2(1) + 2 C2H2(2) + 2 H
structures of carbon
C1H2+2 H C
compounds H
always C2H4+2 H C C H
H atom
C1H4 draw the carbon C2H6
H H H
CH4 atoms first.
Same
CEthane Hfor
Methane H The carbon
atoms willthe
Out of 4 valence be other C
Electron cross dot structure Electron cross dot atomstructure
also.
electrons connected
H atom carbon H H by a
H atom
H
has shared 1 single
e- Sobond.

.
.
.

H .3x H
x x
Cx x C x . H
x
H . xC x .H the remaining e-s
x x
x will be shared with

.
.
3H atoms . H atom
.

H H H

Methane Ethane
ALKANE General formula : CnH2n+2

Put n=3, Put n=4,

H H H H H H H
C3H2(3) + 2 C4H2(4) + 2
C3H6+2 H C C C H C4H8+2 H C C C C H
C3H8 C4H10
H H H H H H H
Propane Butane

Electron cross dot structure Electron cross dot structure

H H H H H H H

.
.
.
.
x x
.
.
.
x x
H . x x x
x Cx x Cx x C x .H H . xC x x C x x Cx x C x .H
x x x x x x x

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

H H H H H H H
Propane Butane
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons
(Alkene) CnH2n
 UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS(ALKENE)
CnH2n
ALKENE General formula : CnH2n

We cannot substitute n=1 for Put n=2, H H

alkenes, as alkenes contain C2H2(2)
Put n=1…
double bond. Double bond can C C
Possible
exist only between carbon??? C2H4
atoms & hence,Lets see…
minimum 2 SinceFirst
Hthe draw
H
Out of 4 valence
carbon atoms are needed for Ethene 2 C atoms.
compound is an 2
electrons of carbon,
the same. alkene, there
e-s are shared. Soisthe
a
double
cross dot2bond.
Electron remaining structure
e-s are
sharedHwithH2 H atoms

.
.
Methene does not exist in each. x x
x xC
Cx
nature. x xx

.
.
H H
Ethene
ALKENE General formula : CnH2n

Put n=3, H H H H H H H
Put n=4,
C3H2(3) H C C C H C4H2(4) H C C C C H
C3H6 Single bond C4H8
There exists H
Attachonly 1 double
H atoms to C bond
atoms only H H
between anychecking
after of the 2carbons.
the valency of C
Propene Butene
Electron cross dot structure Electron cross dot structure
H H H H H H H

.
.
.
.

.
.

x x x x
H . x x x
x x Cx x C x H
xC x x . .
H xC x
xx
x Cx xCx x C x H.
x x x

.
.
.

H H H
Propene Butene
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons
(Alkyne) CnH2n-2
 UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS(ALKYNE)
CnH2n-2
ALKYNE General formula : CnH2n - 2

Like alkenes, we cannot Put n=2, H C C H

substitute n=1 for alkynes, C2H2(2) -2
as they contain triple bond.
for a triple bond to exist, 2 C2H4 - 2
C2H2 Since the
carbon atoms are needed.
Hence substitution starts Aftercompound
sharing 3 is an
alkyne,
valence we draw
electrons
with n=2. Ethyne
eachtriple bond
carbon shares 1
Electrone-cross dotHstructure
with one atom
Methyne does not exist in
nature.
H .x x x
C x x
x x
Cx H.

Ethyne
ALKYNE General formula : CnH2n - 2

Put n=3, H Put n=4, H H

C3H2(3) - 2 C4H2(4) -2 H C C C C H
H C C C H
C3H6 - 2 C4H8 – 2
H H
C3H4 Nothing
Only is attached
one triple Hbond canto this
C4H6
carbon
come as all any
between 4 valence
of the e-s
2 C are
Propyne
shared Butyne
atoms, wealready.
put it in here..
Electron cross dot structure Electron cross dot structure
H
H H
.

xx x
.

.
.
Hx xC xx x
x C x x C
x
x H
.
xx x x
x x C x x C x xC x
H xC x x
.H
x x
.

.
.
H H
Propyne Butyne
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Exercise
 GOLDEN RULES

If hydrogen atoms is “2 MORE” than double

the number of carbon atoms  ALKANES
If hydrogen atoms is “EXACTLY EQUAL” to
double the number of carbon atoms  ALKENES

If hydrogen atoms is “2 LESS” than double the

number of carbon atoms  ALKYNES
Q. 1 Give the formula for ethane and write the number
of covalent bonds present in it.
Solution: Ethane is an alkane with general formula CnH2n+2
it contains 2 carbon atoms.
CnH2n+2 Structure of ethane is
Put n=2, H
H
C2H2(2) + 2
H C C H
C2H4+2
C2H6 H H

 Formula of ethane is (C2H6) The carbonEthane

atoms
will electrons
Out of 4 valence
 Number of covalent bonds present be connected
carbon has
in ethane are 7 bythe
shared 1 e- So a single bond.3 e-s will
remaining
be shared with 3H atoms .
Q. 2 Give the general formula for alkynes and identify
which of the following is an alkyne.
CH4, C2H6, C2H2, C3H4, C2H4
Solution:
General formula of alkynes is (CnH2n-2)
 C2H2, C3H4 are alkynes.
C2H2, C3H4 corresponds to general
CH4, C2H6 are alkanes with general
C H is an alkene with general formula
formula (CnH2n-2) with2n 4= 2 & n = 3
formula CnH2n + 2 (n = 1 & n = 2) CnH2n (n = 2)
respectively.
Q. 3 Give the general formula for alkenes and identify
which of the following is an alkene.
C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, C3H4, C3H6
Solution:
General formula of alkenes is (CnH2n)
 C2H4, C3H6 are alkenes.

C22H64,isC3an
H6 alkane
are alkenes with general
with Cgeneral formula
2H2, C3Hformula
4 are alkynes with general formula

2n +(n
CnnH2n = 2 & n = 3) CnH2n - 2 (n = 2 & n = 3)
2 (n = 2)
Q. 4 Give the general formula for alkanes and identify
which of the following is an alkane.
CH4, C3H8, C2H2, C3H6, C2H6
Solution:
General formula of alkanes is (CnH2n+2)
 CH4, C2H6 & C3H8 are alkanes.

C2H2 iswith
CH4, C2H6, C3H8 are alkanes an alkyne C3H6 is
with
general an alkene
general with general
formula
CnH
formula CnH2n + 2 (n = 1, = 3) formula CnH2n (n = 3)
= 2(n&=n2)
n2n-2
Q. 5 Which of the following compounds is saturated?
CH4, C2H4

Solution: H
Structure of methane (CH4) is H C H Connected by only single
A hydrocarbon in which the carbon bonds.
atoms are connected by onlyHsingle
bonds are called a saturated
hydrocarbons. H H Carbon atoms are
connected by double
Structure of ethene (C2H4) is C C bonds. Therefore it is a
unsaturated hydrocarbon.
H H

 CH4 is a saturated hydrocarbon.

Q. 6 Which of the following compounds can have a
double bond?
C3H8, C3H6
Solution:

C3H86 is an alkane
alkene with general formula CnH2n+
2n. 2
.
Alkanes
Alkenes are saturated
unsaturatedhydrocarbons
hydrocarbons (connected
(connected by only single bonds).
by double bonds).

H
H H
H H
H

HH C
C C
C C
C H
H

H H H
H
 C3H6 has a double bond.
Q. 7 A hydrocarbon molecule has 3 carbon atoms. Write
down its molecular formula, structural formula if it
is an: ALKANE, ALKENE, ALKYNE.
Solution:

Alkene
Alkyne
Alkane (C H468)) Prop ane
(C3H yne
ene

H H H

H C C C H

H H H
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Closed chain hydrocarbons
• Alkyl group
 Hydrocarbons

Open chain Closed-chain/ring

Hydrocarbons cyclic hydrocarbon
Example
1. Cyclohexane (C6H12) 2. Benzene (C6H6)
H
H H
Cx
H C Since H
every carbon has
H Cx xC H
H C only
C three
H bonds hence
every carbon
H
has one H Cx x
C H
H C C valence electron
free H
x
H C
C
H H H
Let us study the 1st ten members of the alkane family

C6H14 Hexane
CH4 Methane

C7H16 Heptane
C2H6 Ethane

C3H8 Propane C8H18 Octane

C4H10 Butane C9H20 Nonane

C5H12 Pentane C10H22 Decane

 Alkanes Alkyl group - R
General Name of General Name of
formula the formula the alkylH When 1 H atom is
removed, Alkyl
we aregroup
left is
with
CnH2n+2 compound group General formula
On removal represented of alkane
of 1H atom from is
C??? -Let
CHus consider with
nH2n+1 H C HCalkane, . we
nH2n+2 3.Since getalkyl group
thealkyl
has
lettergroup.
R
the 1st four
SoLet
1H it means
us see
atom ifasCH
lessthe is methane
compared to
CH4 Methane members of the4
- CH3 Methyl H the structure
then, for alkane,
corresponding
- CHfamily
alkane 3 is methyl group.
C2H6 Ethane methane
CnH2n+2-1 .Soethane
the general
- C2HSimilarly
5 Ethyl the structure for (C2H6) is
C3H8 Propane formula for alkyl group is
- C3H7 Propyl CnH2n+1
C4H10 Butane
- C4H9 Butyl H H
On removal of 1H
atom from C2H6 i.e.
H C C H
ethane, we get -
H H C2H5 i.e. ethyl group.
Alcohol
ALKYL GROUP - R
R OH On removal of 1H
In organic
The H atomchemistry,
removed General Name of
H atom from methane formula the alkyl
OHbe
can groupLetrepresents
replaced by OH
us consider
Carbon becomes group
a group methyl
group. of ompounds
group CnH2n+1
unstable.
H C OH called ALCOHOLS
- CH3 Methyl
H
- C2H5 Ethyl
Methyl alcohol - C3H7 Propyl
CH3OH Similarly - C4H9 Butyl
C2H5OH Ethyl alcohol
C3H7OH Propyl alcohol
C4H9OH Butyl alcohol
Chloride
R Cl ALKYL GROUP - R
On removal of 1H
H The H atom removed General Name of
atom from methane
can be replaced by Cl
Let us consider formula the alkyl
Carbon becomes group
H C group. methyl group
Cl unstable. CnH2n+1

H - CH3 Methyl
- C2H5 Ethyl
Methyl chloride
CH3Cl - C3H7 Propyl
Similarly
- C4H9 Butyl
C2H5Cl Ethyl chloride
C3H7Cl Propyl chloride
C4H9Cl Butyl chloride
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Functional group
 Functional group

Let us study
Methane Methyl Alcohol Since OH is
methane and determining the
H methyl alcohol H Whereas
Methane is properties of
methyl
methyl alcohol,
H C H C OH
H alcohol is
H it is called as
the…
H H
Definitely
CHnot…letsFrom
seethe structure of
AreCH
the4two 3-OH
why methane, if 1 H atom is
compounds removed and substituted
A gas A liquid
same? by OH.. the compound
now becomes…
 Functional group in organic compounds

The atom or group of atoms present

in the molecule which determines
characteristic property of organic
compounds is called the
FUNCTIONAL GROUP.
 Functional group
COMPOUND GEN FORMULA FUNCTIONAL EXAMPLES
R = CnH2n+1 GROUP
CH 3OH Methyl Alcohol
ALCOHOLS R - OH -OH
C2H5OH Ethyl Alcohol
O
CARBOXYLIC CH 3COOH
R-COOH
ACID – C – OH Acetic acid
H CH 3CHO
ALDEHYDES R –CHO
Acetaldehyde
–C=O
R and R’ both can be same or different alkyl group
O CH 3COCH 3
O
KETONES Acetone/
R – C – R’ –C– Dimethyl Ketone
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Introduction to IUPAC & rules
 Nomenclature of organic compounds

The latest and widely accepted system for giving systematic

names to organic compounds is – IUPAC system.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry System

All organic compounds are considered as derivatives of

saturated hydrocarbons – ALKANES.
Derived
TERMINOLOGY USED IN NOMENCLATURE -
(obtained)
ROOT – NATURE OF BASIC CARBON SKELETON.
from
PREFIX – PHRASE BEFORE.
SUFFIX – PHRASE AFTER.
 Terminology used in nomenclature

ROOT – indicates the nature and no. of carbon atoms in

the basic carbon skeleton.
Chain length Root word
Bond with 1 C atom Meth –
Bond with 2 C atoms Eth –
Bond with 3 C atoms Prop –
Bond with 4 C atoms But –
Bond with 5 C atoms Pent –
Bond with 6 C atoms Hex –
Bond with 7 C atoms Hept –
Bond with 8 C atoms Oct –
 Functional IUPAC
group Prefix/suffix Name
Example

H H Alk will be replaced

1. HalogenPrefix-chloro, Haloalkane H C C Cl
C = 1 Meth C = 2 Eth
bromo, etc. H H C = 3 Prop C = 4 But
Chloroethane C = 5 Pent C = 6 Hex
H H H
C = 7 Hept C = 8 Oct
H C C C Br
C = 9 Non C = 10 Dec
H H H
Bromopropane
H H H H
2. Alcohol Suffix-ol Alkanol H C C C C OH
H H H H
Butanol
H H H
3. Aldehyde Suffix-al Alkanal H C C C O
H H
Propanal
 Functional IUPAC
group Prefix/suffix Name
Example
H H H Alk will be replaced
4. Ketone Suffix-oneAlkanone H C C C C H C = 1 Meth C = 2 Eth
H O H H C = 3 Prop C = 4 But
Butanone C = 5 Pent C = 6 Hex
H H O
C = 7 Hept C = 8 Oct
5. Carboxylic
Suffix- Alkanoic H C C C OH
C = 9 Non C = 10 Dec
acid oic acid acid H H
Propanoic
acid
H H H H H
6. Double Suffix- ene Alkene H C C C C C
bond H H H H
Pentene
H H
7. Triple Suffix- yne Alkyne H C C C C H
bond H H
Butyne
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Some examples of IUPAC
• Isomerism
 Spot the O or the halo

Give the IUPAC name

H H H
Parent hydrocarbon ethane
H C CO O H C O OHgroup aldehyde
Functional
H SuffixHal
methane
Parent hydrocarbon propane
IUPAC name ethanal
Ethanal Methanol alcohol
Functional group alkyne
ol
Suffix yne
methanol
IUPAC name propyne
H H H H H H H
Parent hydrocarbon hexane
H C C C C C C H H C C C H
Functional group halo
HH H ClCl H H H
Prefix chloro
Chlorohexane IUPACPropyne
name Chlorohexane
 Amazing property of hydrocarbons
Isomerism

H H H H H H H H H

H C C C C C H H C C C C H

H H H H H H H H And the property is

So molecular
H H H called…
CNO..NO..NO..
formula
Are allis the
NO..NO..NO..
Carbon
What =5
Cstructures
H C H 5H12
HCount the
Hydrogen
compounds number
= 12
H H same??
of carbon
are
Compounds these? & identical
with
H C C C H So these hydrogen
compounds
molecular atoms in
are
formula but different
all
called ISOMERS the
OF
structures structures.
are called as
H H
PENTANE since theISOMERS.
formula
H C H
is C5H12
H
How to identify straight
Branches are never
and branched chains
On the first and last
carbon
 Identify which structure is a branched chain

H H H H
Straight The branch is seen
H C C C C H H chain on the first and last carbon
of straight chain.
H C H STRAIGHT CHAIN
H H H H The branch is seen
onHthe last carbon
H of straight chain.
H C C H
H C H STRAIGHT CHAIN
H H H
H H
C
H C C C H
H
H H H
 Identify which structure is a branched chain

The branch is seen

H H H
H H H
The branch is seen on the second carbon
H
C C C
H
H onCthe first
C carbon
C H of straight chain.
of straight chain. BRANCHED CHAIN
H H
STRAIGHT
H CHAIN
H
H H
C H
C
H
H H H
H C H
H H
The branch is seen
H H on the second carbon
C C C of straight chain.
H H H BRANCHED CHAIN
 Structure isomers of propane

H H H H H
(i) H C C C H H C C H

H H H H H C H
H
Same structure No Isomers
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Isomerism
Q.1 Draw all the possible isomers
of pentane and write their IUPAC
and general names.
1.
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
General name: n-pentane
IUPAC name: Pentane
2.
H H H H
H C C C C H
C Name the branched
Select
as a alkyl
chain
straight chain
according
having maximum to the
number of carbons.
H H H carbon in it.

H C H
H
General name: Iso-pentane
IUPAC name: methylbutane
 H
3.
H C H Name the straight
branched chain
H H Select
as a alkyl according
having maximum
chain
to the
number of carbons.
carbon in it.
H C C C C
H C
H H There are
Because twoare
there methyl
three
H C H branches
carbons in theso
dimethyl
the name
we putchain,
straight
asbecomes
the name
dimethypropane
H
General name: Neo-pentane
IUPAC name: dimethyl propane
 IUPAC rules for nomenclature of carbon compounds

1. The IUPAC name of compound is obtained by writing the

name of alkyl group just before the name of the parent
hydrocarbon.

CH3 – CH2 – CH3

CH3
methylpropane
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Some more examples
 Example :

H LONGEST CARBON CHAIN - 3

PARENT ALKANE - Propane
CH3 C CH3 FUNCTIONAL GROUP - Halo
Let us now solve a - bromo
PREFIX
few examples for
Br IUPAC nomenclature bromopropane
using the rules
LONGEST
discussed earlier CARBON CHAIN - 4
H H H H
PARENT ALKANE - Butane
FUNCTIONAL GROUP - Alcohol
H C C C C H
SUFFIX - ol
H H OH H
ol
butane
 Example :

CH3 CH2 CH = CH2 LONGEST CARBON CHAIN - 4

PARENT ALKANE - Butane
FUNCTIONAL GROUP - alkene (=)
SUFFIX - ene
ene
butane

LONGEST CARBON CHAIN - 6

H H H H H H
PARENT ALKANE - hexane
FUNCTIONAL GROUP - Halo
H C C C C C C H
PREFIX - chloro

H H Cl H H H
chloro hexane
 Example :

H H H H H LONGEST CARBON CHAIN - 5

PARENT ALKANE - pentane
H C C C C C H FUNCTIONAL GROUP - alkyl
SUFFIX - ethyl
H H H H ethyl pentane
H C 2H5 H

HCOOH H C H LONGEST CARBON CHAIN - 1

PARENT ALKANE - methane
Since there is only
H 1 FUNCTIONAL GROUP - Carboxylic
carbon atom in the
acid
structure, we don’t SUFFIX - oic acid
mention the position. methane
oic acid
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Homologous series
 CnH2n+2 Alkane

Values of Molecular Name Molecular Difference in

‘n’ formula Mass mass

n=1 CH4 Methane ?

Sum of the atomic masses

 CnH2n+2 Alkane

Values of Molecular Name Molecular Difference

‘n’ formula Weight in weight

n=1 CH4 Methane 16

? 30 – 16
– CH –
=14 Calculate the2
n=2 C2H6 Ethane 30 difference in
n=3 C3H8 Propane 44 58 – 44 weight–between 2
CH2(i.e.
consecutive –
n=4 C4H10 Butane 58 =14
one after
Consecutive members even differ another)
Molecular mass of CH C2H46 The molecular weight of
by (– CH2 –) group i.e. members.
methylene group. Lets= (12
takex an
1) 6) C2H6
2) + (1 x 4) consecutive members
= 12 +4
24and6 - C H4
the example of methane always differs by 14 units
ethane = 16
30 CH2
 Alcohols
Let us study one
A group of organic compounds having functional group –OH
more example
General representation of Alcohol is R-OH
General formula is C nH 2n+1 OH
Molecular
Name
formula
Methyl alcohol CH3OH
These differ by
Ethyl alcohol C 2H5OH – CH 2 units

Propyl alcohol C 3H7OH

These differ by
Butyl alcohol C 4H9OH – CH 2 units
 Homologous series
Yes
Functional group – OH
What is the
MOLECULAR General
functional formula is CnH2n+1OH
group?
NAME
FORMULA What is the
Methyl alcohol CH3OH general formula?
Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH The physical &
Propyl alcohol C3H 7OH chemical properties of
the compounds show
Butyl alcohol C4H 9OH a gradual change.
ACangroup of organic compounds containing same functional group,
we call
this as acan be represented by the same general formula
which
groupwhich
and of more or less show similar trends in their properties
compounds?
is known as
Characteristics of
homologous series
5) Consecutive members of
1) All the members have
the series differ by – CH2 –
same general formula.
group (methylene group)
2) They have same functional and their molecular weight
group.
3) They have similar chemical differs by 14 units.
properties
4) Physical properties like
melting point, boiling
point, density, show a
gradual change with
increase in the molecular
formula.
Write the molecular formulae of the third and fifth
members of homologous series of carbon compounds
represented by the general formula CnH2n – 2.

This is the
Since methyne general
does not exist formula of
alkyne
Solution:
The third member will have four carbons similarly fifth member
will have six carbons.
\ Substituting the values in CnH2n – 2 the third member will be
butyne C4H6 and fifth member will be hexyne C6H10.
Which of the following belong to the same homologous
series ?
C3H8 C3H6 C4H8 C4H6

Solution: The members of the same

homologous series will
C3H6 & CC4H3H
8 6, C4HC
belong 4Hto6 is ansame
the alkyne witha difference
homologous
have series and they
of CH 2.
C3H8 is an alkane with8
general general
formula
have difference
are alkenesof CHwith
2 general CnH2n – 2 (n
formula CnH2n + 2 (n == 4)
3).
formula CnH 2n (n = 3 & n = 4)
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Combustion reaction
 Chemical properties of carbon compounds

Combustio
n Most carbon compounds also release a large amount of
heat and light on burning.
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + Heat & light

CH3CH2OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + Heat & light

Oxidising Reducing
flame flame
(Saturated (Unsaturated
Hydrocarbon) Hydrocarbon)
 Combustion

Yellow flame
Blue flame

Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Saturated hydrocarbon
 Differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

 COMPLETE  INCOMPLETE

BLUE FLAME  YELLOW FLAME

CLEAN FLAME  BLACK SMOKE

NO SOOTY DEPOSIT  SOOTY DEPOSIT

Reason for incomplete combustion

As we go on reducing the
We will find that with fully
amount of air going into
open air hole, the gas in the
burner, the gas in burner
burner burns with the blue
starts burning with a sooty
flame or non – sooty flame
flame.
 Reason for incomplete combustion

The bottom of cooking vessels

gets blackened. Why?

The unburnt carbon particles get stuck to the bottom of cooking

vessels resulting in the blackening of bottom of vessels.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Reasons for flame
• Formation of coal
 Why do substances burn with or without a flame?

Wood
When and or
wood coal just
coal is glows
ignitedred
, the
Because
Have youaever
flame
observed
is only produce
either a and gives out heatpresent
without a
volatile substances
coal orgaseous
when a woodsubstances
fire ? burn. flame. and burn with flame in
vapourise
the beginning.

Evaporating
rapidly
 Formation of coal

Gradually
In
Coal wasmore
low-oxygen and more
conditions,
formed from sediments
the got of plants
the remains Trees and other
that grewplants
in that grew
Over time, these remains were
deposited
buried over peat.
plant Peat wasa to 400 million Their remains got300
buried in
warm,
covered withmaterial
humid offormed300
swamps
layers in swampy
years areas
ago to 400
compressed
dark brownlikebetweencalled
material layers of sediments and million
the swampy
yearssoil.
ago died
sediments mud and sand.
formed lignite.
peat.

Even further
Further compression resulted
compression
in resulted
the formation in
of bituminous
the formation of
coal.
anthracite.
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Addition reaction
• substitution reaction
 Reason for addition and substitution reaction

SATURATED UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBON HYDROCARBON

H H H H

H C C. .H + Cl. .Cl
HCl H C
x
Cx . .
H + Cl Cl

H H . Cl.
Cl
Ethene
Dichloroethane
Ethane
Monochloroethane
H C Cx H + Cl. .Cl
Unsaturated
Saturated hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons undergo addition
undergo
x

reactions. They
substitution containThey
reactions. double & triple
contain .
Cl
. Ethyne
Cl Dichloroethene
bondsbonds
single (C H &C(C- H)H)which
whichare
arestable.
weaker and
easier to break.
 Addition Reaction

The addition of hydrogen to anCatalyst

unsaturated hydrocarbon to
Unsaturated hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbons
obtain a saturated hydrocarbon isHcalled
2
hydrogenation.

H H H H
Nickel catalyst
C C H C C H
H2
(Ethyne) (Ethene)

H H H H
Nickel catalyst
H C C H H C C H
H2
H H
(Ethene) (Ethane)
 Addition Reaction

The process of hydrogenation has an important industrial

application: it is used to prepare vegetable ghee from a vegetable
oils

R R H H
Nickel catalyst
R C C R R C C R
H2
R R
Vegetable oil
Vegetable ghee
Unsaturated fat
Saturated fat
Liquid state
Solid state
 Substitution Reaction

Saturated hydrocarbons undergo substitution reaction in

presence of sunlight.

CH4 + Cl2 Sunlight

CH3Cl + HCl
(Methane) (Methyl chloride)

The replacement of hydrogen atom

with a halogen in an organic compound
is called halogenation.
 Reaction with halogens

H Cl
H C H + Cl – Cl H C H + HCl
Cl substitutes
H one H atom H
Methane chlorine Methylchloride
from CH 3Cl
Hydrochloric
acid
Cl substitutes
Cl one H atom Cl
from
+ CHCl4 – Cl Cl C H + HCl
H C H
H H
Methylchloride chlorine dichloromethane Hydrochloric
acid
 Reaction with halogens

Cl Cl
Cl C H + Cl – Cl Cl C Cl + HCl
Cl substitutes
H one H atom H
dichloromethane chlorine trichloromethane
from CHCl Hydrochloric
3
acid
Cl substitutes one
Cl more H atom Cl
Cl C Cl from + CHCl2Cl
– Cl
2
Cl C Cl + HCl
H Cl
trichloromethane chlorine tetrachloromethane Hydrochloric
carbontetrachloride acid
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Importance of carbon compounds
• Ethanol, Ethanoic Acid
 Some Important Carbon Compounds

Ethanol
 Liquid at room temperature.
 Commonly called alcohol.
 Active ingredient of all alcoholic
drinks.
 Because it is good solvent, it is
also used in medicines such as
tincture iodine, cough syrups, and
many tonics.
 Soluble in water in all proportions.
 Reactions of Ethanol

i) Reaction with sodium

2 Na + 2 CH3CH2OH 2 CH CH O-Na+ + H2­
3 2
(Sodium) (Ethanol) (Sodium ethoxide)

ii) Reaction to give unsaturated hydrocarbon :

(Dehydration of ethanol)

Hot conc.
CH3CH2OH CH2 CH2 + H2O
(Ethanol) H2SO4 (Ethene)
 Oxidation

Carbon compounds can be easily oxidised on combustion. In

addition to this complete oxidation, we have reactions in which
alchohols are converted to carboxylic acids.

CH3-CH2OH Alkaline KMnO4 + Heat CH3COOH

(Ethanol) Or acidified K2Cr2O7 + Heat Ethanoic acid

Oxidising agent
 Properties of Ethanoic Acid

 Commonly called acetic acid

 Belongs to a group of acids called carboxylic acids.

 5 – 8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar.

 Used widely as a preservative in pickles.

 Its melting point is 290 K

 Frozen acetic acid is called glacial

acetic acid.
 Reactions of ethanoic acid :

i) Esterification reaction : Acid + Alcohol Ester

(Acid)
CH3 COOH + CH3 CH2OH CH3 C – O – CH2 CH3
(Ethanoic acid) (Ethanol) (Ester)
O

Formation of Ester :
Test tube
containing
Beaker
reaction mixture

Water Wire gauze

Tripod stand
Burner
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Saponification
 Saponification (Preparation of soap) :

Reaction with carbonates & hydrogen carbonates:

NaOH
2 CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
(Ethanoic (Sodium (Sodium ethanoate)
acid) carbonate)

NaOH
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
(Ethanoic (Sodium hydrogen (Sodium ethanoate)
acid) carbonate)
 Saponification (Preparation of soap) :

Ester + Alkali Alcohol + Sodium salt of carboxylic acid

i) Hydrolysis of ester
The reaction takes places in two steps.
NaOH
CH COOC
i) Hydrolysis
3 H
2of 5ester C2H5OH + CH3COOH
(Ethyl acetate)
ii) Reaction of acid with alkali (Ethanol) (Sodium acetate)
(Ester)
The water present in NaOH is used for the
ii)hydrolysis
Reaction with a alkali :
of ester.
The H+ ion and OH- ion is added to the ester.
NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O
(Sodium (Ethanol) (Sodium ethanoate)
hydroxide)
 Saponification (Preparation of soap) :

SAPONIFICATION

CH3 COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + CH3CH2OH

(Ethyl acetate) (Sodium acetate) (Ethanol)
(Ester)

SAPONIFICATION

Vegetable oil + NaOH soaps + glycerol

(C17H35COONa)
OR
(C15H31COONa)
CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
• Soaps and detergents
 Soaps and Detergents

A soap is the sodium salt or potassium salt of a long chain

carboxylic acid.
-
Na
+

Hydrocarbon chain C17H35 Ionic end (COO-Na+)

A detergent is the sodium salt of a long chain benzene

sulphonic acid.
-
Na
+

Hydrocarbon chain C12H25 C6H4 (SO4-Na+)

 Action of detergents in hard water and soft water

Soaps Detergents

Soft water Hard Water Hard Water

Soft water
(Ca2+ or Mg2+) (Ca2+ or Mg2+)

Lathers easily Does not lather Lathers easily Lathers easily

easily
No scum formed No scum formed
No scum formed Reacts with Ca
2+

and Mg2+ions to
form insoluble
precipitate called
scum.
 Observation • Lather forms in ‘Y’ but not in ‘X’.
Sample of Same procedure is
temporary
Conclusion • Detergents form lather even with hard water ,
carried out for
hard water while ordinary soap is wasted due to formation
sample Lather
of permanent
of Two
scum.samples
Scum forms in sample of hard waterforms in Detergent
hardsample
water…‘Y’…
‘X’… are taken…
Funnel
Residue
Soap is the sodium or potassium
Beaker
salt of an organic fatty acid.
They are the sodium It reacts with hard water forming
salts
scum, hence ordinary soap
of alkyl sulphonic acid group
(SO3H) instead of a carboxylic is wasted
Soap
Group(-COOH)
SOAP Beaker
Filtrate
Sample ‘X’ Sample ‘Y’
 Differences between soaps and Detergents

SOAPS DETERGENTS

1. Biodegradable 1. Non-biodegradable

2. Not suitable for washing in 2. Suitable for washing

hard water in hard water

3. Relatively weak cleansing 3. Strong cleansing action

action
 Soaps and Detergents :

Micelles :
Hydrophilic end Hydrophobic end
Soap molecule
Formation of micelles :
Na+

Na+ Oil
droplet

Na+

Na+
 Effect of soap in cleaning
Hydrophilic end
Grease or dirt Hydrophobic end

(1)
(2) (3)
The
In
Thus,
This solution
cleansing,annow
the oily
gives the contains tosmall
dirthydrocarbon
is removed
opportunity tailglobules
from
other to of
attaches
the object
tails oil
stick
surrounded
itself
to by detergent
oil.to oily dirt molecules,
tend to lift off from thethedirty
negatively
surface and charged heads
dissociates present
into in water
fragments.
(4) prevent the small globules from coming
together and form aggregates

(5)
Thank You