MECHATRONICS (19ME40B5)

6. Displacement sensors: Potentiometers and LVDT

Mr. Karimulla Syed
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Department
KL Deemed to be University
Instructional objectives
• To understand key elements of Mechatronics system, representation
into block diagram
• To understand concept of transfer function, reduction and analysis
• To understand principles of sensors, its characteristics, interfacing
with DAQ microcontroller
• To understand the concept of PLC system and its ladder programming,
and significance of PLC systems in industrial application
• To understand the system modeling and analysis in time domain and
frequency domain.
• To understand control actions such as Proportional, derivative and
integral and study its significance in industrial applications.
Learning outcomes
• Identification of key elements of mechatronics system and its
representation in terms of block diagram
• Understanding the concept of signal processing and use of interfacing
systems such as ADC, DAC, digital I/O
• Time and Frequency domain analysis of system model (for control
application)
• PID control implementation on real time systems and Development of
PLC ladder programming.
Session Objectives
• To understand displacement Sensors
• Potentiometric (Translational & Rotational)
• Inductive (LVDT &RVDT)

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Session Outcomes
• Understand the working principle of potentiometers
• Understand the working principle of LVDT

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Syllabus
• Potentiometers
• LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)

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Displacement transducers
• Also known as positional transducers.
• Change in position is known as displacement.
• Displacement can be linear or angular
• Displacement measurement is required in
• Printers, Scanners, CMMs, Mouses, CNC machines,
Robot joint displacement measurements etc.

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Classification of displacement transducer
Analogue Digital

• Potentiometric • Optical
Translational & Rotational Incremental Encoders
• Capacitive Absolute Encoders

• Inductive
LVDT & RVDT

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Displacement transducers (Potentiometric)

Fig 4.1 potentiometric transducers

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Displacement transducers (Potentiometric)
• A potentiometer consists of a resistive element with a sliding
element known as slider
• The motion of the slider may be translatory or rotary Fig No 4.1
• Potentiometer converts the linear motion (or rotary motion of a
slider into change in resistance.
• Potentiometer is a variable resistor and whole resistance is varied
by the movement of a slider over a resistive element.

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Linear variable differential
Transformer(LVDT)
• It consists of one primary coil and two secondary coils with a
magnetic core which moves inside the coils freely.
• The core is attached to the moving part on which the displacement
is to be measured.
• When AC current is supplied to the primary coil ,the magnetic flux is
generated by the coil which in turn induce alternating current
voltages in the two secondary coils

Fig. No 4.2 LVDT

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Linearly variable differential transformer
The output voltage of the transducer is the difference of the two
voltages
• The two secondary coils are connected in the opposite phase.
• When the core is in the middle there is no output voltage.
• Moving the core from the central position unbalances the
secondary's, developing an output.
• Applications: To measure linear displacement, e.g. for
measuring tube lengths in a steel plant, applied in linear
servomechanisms, etc.

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 Linear Variable-Differential Transformer (LVDT)
Vo=V1-V2

V1 V2
LVDTs are devices to measure
-x
displacement by modifying
spatial distribution of an
alternating magnetic field.
V1 > V2 Vi

Vi Vo

Oscillating excitation voltage-50 Hz to 25 kHz

Fig. No 4.3 LVDT Left position
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Linear Variable-Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Vo=V1-V2

V1 V2

X=0

V2 = V1
Vi

Vo
Vi

Fig. No 4.4 LVDT central Position

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Linear Variable-Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Vo=V1-V2

V1 V2

+x

V2 > V1
Vi

Vi

Fig. No 4.5 LVDT right position Vo

So, the direction of displacement can be determined from the relative phase of the signal.
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Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Fig. No 4.6 LVDT

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Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Fig. No 4.7 LVDT

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A rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT)
• A rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT) is for measuring
angular displacements, and operates in the same manner as a
LVDT.

Fig. No 4.8 LVDT

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Summary
In this session you have learnt
Displacement transducers
1. Potentiometric transducers
2. LVDT & RVDT

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Quiz
• What is the working principle of potentiometers?
• What is the working principle of LVDT?

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Conclusion
• In this session Potentiometric (Translational & Rotational) and
Inductive (LVDT & RVDT) were discussed.

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 Thank You

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