APA

ENGL 214
Academic & Professional
Communication

Introducing APA Referencing

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 1

Homework
• Title Approval is due tomorrow. To
receive full credit, you need to have your
title approved.
• It is worth 1% of your overall grade
• The title needs to be fully approved by
tomorrow 19th June (c. 7:00pm)
• In order to get approved, you need to
demonstrate that you have thought about a
relevant issue and conducted preliminary
research

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Preliminary Research

• Mitigating the Effects

of Bullying in South
African
Schools Through
School Based
Interventions​

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Preliminary Research

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

 Alter Search Terms
If you are having difficulty, try using
search terms related to the report:
• Causes/effects of….
• Problems associated with…
• Solutions to….
• Arguments in favour of…
• Arguments against…
• Recommendations for preventing…
Alternatively, you can alter the
vocabulary you use:
• school violence instead of bullying
• unhealthy eating instead of obesity

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Conclusion
• We now know this topic is
appropriate because there is an
abundance of source material
available which is easy to find
• Choosing a title means researching it
• Your titles demonstrate the amount
of thought you have put them
• They will not be approved otherwise
• Alter your search terms if you finding
it difficult to locate sources
• Please note this is an initial search
only and you will locate more
appropriate sources later

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Using the Library Electronic Resources

• Smart Search can be frustrating.

If you have problems, try:

• Logging on from the campus
• Using the KFUPM VPN
• Adjusting proxy settings
• Searching for missing documents using Google

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

KFUPM VPN

http://www.kfupm.
edu.sa/centers/itc
/SitePages/en/vpn
.aspx

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Aims

• To give an introduction to APA 7

• To define how citations and
references complement each
other
• To overview the format and
rules for references
• To produce a full reference in
APA 7 style

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

 Source quality (for ENGL 214 reports)

Strong / Acceptable Weak / Unacceptable

• Academic journals • Websites with no author,
• Books written by academics and other experts publisher information, and/or date
• Government ministries (e.g., the Saudi Ministry of • Press releases and marketing
Health, the Canadian Ministry for Transportation) materials (e.g., information about
Can you think of some examples of high-quality
• Reputable international organisations (e.g., The
World Health Organisation, The United Nations)
Tesla projects found on the Tesla
website)
sources?
• Reputable newspapers (e.g., The Financial Times, • Websites that heavily promote
The Irish Times, The Guardian, The New York Times) products and services (e.g.,
Can you think of some examples of poor-quality
• Reputable magazines (e.g., The New Yorker, New Investopedia)
Scientist) • Tabloid / sensationalist
sources?
• Reputable news organisations (e.g., BBC, newspapers (e.g., The Daily Mail,
Associated Press, NPR) The Sun, The New York Post)
• Videos and podcasts produced by reputable media • Low-quality news websites and
organisations and/or academics (e.g., podcasts organisations (e.g., Business
produced by UC Berkeley professors, BBC News’ Insider, Fox News, Buzzfeed)
official YouTube channel) • Encyclopaedias
• Primary research • Blogs
• Social media posts
ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 10
 Your report should contain references and
citations
Both first and second drafts require
at least 6 references and in-text
citations
Minimum requirements for a B in referencing on first
draft:
• Five credible sources, which may include:
• Books (monographs or edited compilations of articles)
• Journal articles (peer-reviewed research)
• Reports from reputable organizations
• Anything else labeled “Strong/Acceptable” on the previous
slide

• Having fewer than 6 sources will result in a

grade of F on the final draft of your report.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

 Your report should also contain figures/tables
First Daft • Figures/tables must include a
• Minimum citation. These count
towards your sources on the
requirements for a C: first draft;
at least 2 tables • The first draft rubric provides
and/or figures (not some limited leeway in terms
capped) of getting a B with only one
figure; this means, it’s not
impossible, though it is
Final Draft unlikely;
• Minimum
• The final draft rubric requires
requirements for a C: two figures/tables to get a B
at least 2 tables no matter how well you have
and/or figures done with the rest of your
references because it is
(capped) capped (printed in bold on
the rubric)

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 12

Why do we reference?
• to avoid plagiarism
• to give credit to the author
• to add credibility to our own
work
• to allow readers to access the
original source
• because you are graded for it

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Which of the following need references?

A mention of facts or figures from another writer

An idea of your own
Some data you have found from your own research
A theory suggested by another researcher
A quotation from a work by any author
Something which is agreed to be common knowledge
A paragraph from an article on Wikipedia
A picture from Google Images
A visual (graph/table/diagram) from a report
A quotation from your friend’s report (he says it’s OK)

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

 Which of the following need references?

A mention of facts or figures from another writer

An idea of your own
Some data you have found from your own research
A theory suggested by another researcher
A quotation from a work by any author
Something which is agreed to be common knowledge
Don’t use
If the image A paragraph from an article on Wikipedia Wikipedia
contains data,
then yes, it will A picture from Google Images
need referencing.
A visual (graph/table/diagram) from a report
A quotation from your friend’s report (he says it’s OK)

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

What is a reference?

A reference is an
acknowledgement that
you are making use of
another writer's ideas,
words or data in your
writing.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Styles
In this course we use
• There are many styles of referencing:

• APA (American Psychological Association)

• MLA (Modern Language Association of America)
• AGLC (Australian Guide to Legal Citation)
• AMA (American Medical Association)
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers)

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

There are two kinds of referencing, and they
work together.

•References
•In-text citation

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

 In-text
(Marshall, 1998, p. 6)
citation
Marshall, L (1998). Guide to learning
independently. (3rd ed) Melbourne:
References
Longman Purdue University (2001). Online
Writing Lab. Retrieved February 6th, 2006
from owl.english.purdue.edu/

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Two kinds
c itati o n
in-text

references
ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL
Reference list

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 A
• The reference list is double-
spaced and it is arranged in
alphabetical order
according to the author’s
last name.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Hanging Indent

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

APA 7 referencing conventions for ENGL 214

Surname, Initial. (Date). (put in brackets) Article title. (capitalise only first letter, letter
proceeding punctuation, and proper nouns)

Example:

Williams, H. (2015, February 2). China’s economy: Don’t bet

on Beijing. Economists for U.S. Prosperity.
Hanging
indent
https://www.economistsforusa.com/157866
Publication. [italicised] (capitalise all Place. (use the DOI or URL if DOI is
words except prepositions, conjunctions) unavailable, no physical locations)

Formula: S.I.D.A.P.P - Surname, Initial. Date. Article title. Publication. Place

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL
 Two kinds of source

• References can be classified into two kinds.

Print sources Electronic sources

• Both typically consist of the author’s name(s), the date of
publication, the title of the work, and the publication name.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Authors and editors

• Place the family name first followed by the initials (up

to five authors).

Kolin, P. C.

Thompson, K. A, Jones, B. B., & Wilson, C. D.

Williams, J. C. & Smith, J. S.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Include all initials of the author in the reference in
order

Tolkien, J. R. R. Rowling, J. K. Kolin, P. C.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 27

Date (of publication)

• For books and journals, only give the year of publication in

parentheses
Kolin, P. C. (2012).

• For magazines and newspapers, give the year and the exact
date
Suleiman, S. G. (2012, September 1)

• If the article has no date, write (n.d.).

Donald, F. W. (n.d.).

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Titles

• For an article or chapter title, capitalize only the first word of

the title (and subtitles).

Al-Awani, M. (2012). Global warming: Challenges for the

future.

• For a website or a medium only online italicise the title.

• Ruggert, A. (2023, June 16). How the colour of your

swimsuit can save your life. BBC News.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Publication

• For the name of a Journal give the name in full using title
capitalization, and italicize the entire title.

Al-Awani, M. (2012). Global warming: Challenges for the

future. The Environmental Monthly,

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 30

Publication data (volume, issue, pages)

• For journals and magazines, give the italicized volume, (issue)

and page range after the publication followed by a full stop (.).
•

Al-Awani, M. (2012, July). Global warming: Challenges

for the
future. The Environmental Monthly, 56(4), 25-28.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Printed vs. Online Publication

• For the name of a printed newspaper or magazine do the

same as journal articles; italicize the name of the publication.

Perryman, J. (2023, March 23). Why the government

should rethink our relationship with Russia. The
Daily Telegraph.

• However, if the publication is online italicize the title and NOT

the publication.
Ruggert, A. (2023, June 16). How the colour of your
swimsuit can save your life. BBC News.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 32

Book Publication
• For books only give the name of the publisher. You do not need
to give a place name.

• Kolin, P. C. (2012). Successful writing at work (3rd ed.).

Wadsworth Cengage.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1991). The Two Towers. HarperCollins.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

 Place
• For journals use the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number.
•

Al-Awani, M. (2012, July). Global warming: Challenges

for the
future. The Environmental Monthly, 56(4), 25-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaq063

• For webpages or newspapers use the URL:

• Ruggert, A. (2023, June 16). How the colour of your

swimsuit can save your life. BBC News.
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230615-how-the-
colour-of-your-swimsuit-can-save-your-life

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

APA 7 referencing conventions for ENGL 214

Surname, Initial. (Date). (put in brackets) Article title. (capitalise only first letter, letter
proceeding punctuation, and proper nouns)

Example:

Williams, H. (2015, February 2). China’s economy: Don’t bet

on Beijing. Economists for U.S. Prosperity.
Hanging
indent
https://www.economistsforusa.com/157866
Publication. [italicised] (capitalise all Place. (use the DOI or URL if DOI is
words except prepositions, conjunctions) unavailable, no physical locations)

Formula: S.I.D.A.P.P - Surname, Initial. Date. Article title. Publication. Place

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL
Al-Awani, M. (2012, July). Global warming: Challenges for the future.
The Environmental Monthly, 56(4), 25-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaq063
Kolin, P. C. (2012). Successful writing at work (3rd ed.).
Wadsworth Cengage.
Ruggert, A. (2023, June 16). How the colour of your swimsuit can
save your life. BBC News.
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230615-how-the-colour-of-your-
swimsuit-can-save-your-life
Perryman, J. (2023, March 23). Why the government should rethink our
relationship with Russia. The Daily Telegraph.
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/2023/03/22/why-the-
government-should-rethink-our-relationship-with-russia
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1991). The Two Towers. HarperCollins.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

 APA References: Identifying and fixing common errors
Incorrect heading Correct heading
Publisher location (APA
6th Edition rule) D A+ Alphabetised
Same font size
Capitalisation errors
Same font colour
Author name
incorrectly formatted Same font type

Retrieved from (APA 6th Consistent line spacing

Edition rule)
Consistent hanging
Hanging indent missing indentation
for two references
All formatted correctly
Incorrect date format for source type
for source type
All capitalised correctly
Missing italics
All italicised correctly
In MLA, not APA, style
All journal articles have
Missing DOI URL DOI URLs
Spacing error All quality sources
Capitalisation error
Low-quality source
Not alphabetised
Different font sizes
Different font colours
Different font types
Inconsistent line
spacing

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Create an APA Reference for this Source

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Campbell, D. (2022, September 15). Videos on healthy
eating can help obese children lose weight, study
finds. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/sep/15/vide
os-on-healthy-eating-can-help-obese-children-lose-
weight-study-finds

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 39

 Next Class

• Bring a relevant device to complete this quiz

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 40

 Homework 1: Find Three
Sources

• Regardless of where you are with determining

your title
• Use SmartSearch and google to find sources
that will be of use when writing your report
• You will need at least three for the forthcoming
source notes assignments
• All will need to be referenced so practice using
Scribbr and creating correct references

ENGLISH 214
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL
 Questions Discussion Thank you

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 42

The following additional
slides contain information
regarding choosing a
report title, using Scribbr
and identifying common
mistakes with references.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 43

Determining Titles and Specificity
• Education – Security/Safety/Privacy
• Child Safety in Schools
• Child Safety in South African Secondary
Schools
• Reducing Bullying in South African
Secondary Schools
• Mitigating the Effects of Bullying in South
African Secondary Schools
• Mitigating the Effects of Bullying in South
African Secondary Schools Through
School Based Interventions

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 44

 Which Report Type?

• Mitigating the Effects of Bullying in

South African Secondary Schools
Through School Based Interventions

• The South African Government

Should Encourage School Based
Interventions in Secondary Schools
to Combat Bullying

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 45

 Which Report Type? (2)
• Mitigating the Effects of Bullying in
South African Secondary Schools
Through School Based Interventions
• The South African Government
Should Encourage School Based
Interventions in Secondary Schools to
Combat Bullying
• An argumentative essay needs to be
a genuine academic debate.
• In this case, the topic lends itself to a
problem/solution style report

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL 46

 Scribbr

• Referencing rules are quite complicated

• Scribbr is very helpful

https://www.scribbr.com/apa-citation-generator/

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

Scribbr

• Be sure to
choose the
most
appropriate
format.
• If the wrong
format is
selected, then
the reference
could come out
wrong.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL

 • If you enter the name of the
article, or the DOI number, it may
auto-fill your reference. However,
you must check this yourself
because it’s not always correct.

• Fill in all of the required fields.

Make sure
that you do • Please note that if you don’t fill in
essential fields, then the reference
not leave may come out wrong.
any of the
• Required fields: (1) surname, (2)
boxes blank initial, (3) date, (4) article title, (5)
publication.

• Clicking on the ?
boxes may help
answer questions you
ENGLISH 214 have about formatting
ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL
 Scribbr

• Copy the Reference

and In-text citation for
later use.
• Check the reference
contains all the
required parts, in the
right order.
• An easy way to do a
general check is with
the SIDAPP acronym.

ENGLISH 214 ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL