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Empathy

Psychological Empathy that Doctors give to patients

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Saad khan
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11 views

Empathy

Psychological Empathy that Doctors give to patients

Uploaded by

Saad khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EMPATHY

BRIG RETD FARRUKH HAYAT KHAN


What is Empathy?
Empathy

Edward B Titchener

Empathy is the
ability of an
individual to
experience the
emotions of others.
DEFINITION

• Empathy is the • In the name Gaza


capacity to understand
or feel what another You murder your
person is experiencing own soul
from within their frame
When you watch
of reference, i.e., the
capacity to place oneself
other souls be
in another's position. murdered
• And care about making And you don’t do
it better if it hurts anything about it.
WHAT IS
EMPATHY?

• Look at this picture!


• What is happening?
• What are you
feeling?
• Are you having any
motor responses?
WHAT IS
EMPATHY?

• Look at this
picture!
• What do you think
is happening?
• What are you
feeling?
WHAT IS
EMPATHY?

• Look at this picture!


• What do you think is
happening?
• What are you feeling as a
girl?
• What are you feeling as a
boy?
Theories of Empathy
EMPATHY-INDUCED ALTRUISTIC
MOTIVATION
• Empathic
concern based
altruistic
motivation
NEGATIVE STATE RELIEF
MODEL
• Egoistic
explanation
based on
negative
state relief
model
Neurobiology of
Empathy
THE DISCOVERY OF MIRROR NEURONS

• Subject empathy for


the pain of others
only elicits activity in
ACC, not the
somatosensory
cortex.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Anterior insula

Ventro-medial Pre-frontal Cortex Inferior Parietal Lobe


Dorso-medial Pre-frontal Cortex Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Medial Temporal Lobe
EMPATHY AND GENETICS
• Partly
genetic
• (trait)
• Partly
learned
• (Skill)
Learning Empathy
DO BABIES SHOW EMPATHY?
HOW TO DEVELOP EMPATHY

• Focus your attention on • Use Reflection.


the welfare, interests,
and needs of others. • Listen to the Target.

• Key into shared human • Use self-disclosure


values. as appropriate.
• Suspend, temporarily, • Properly distance
your own considered
yourself to and from
judgments and critiques.
the target’s
• Connect with the target.
subjective world.
Types of Empathy
COGNITIVE EMPATHY

• The ability to
recognize the
emotions and
feelings of others
AFFECTIVE OR EMOTIONAL
EMPATHY
• The ability to
experience the
feelings of others.
COMPASSIONATE EMPATHY

• What this means is not


settling with understanding,
connection, and a heart
that hurts for other people.
• What this means is taking
action and helping.
• It means providing
someone support, affection,
and true wellness.
MORAL EMPATHY

• The moral responsibility to act


• Considered the
in accordance with the other
person’s emotions regardless of highest level of
personal feelings.
empathy
• In summary, while cognitive
empathy helps you understand,
emotional empathy lets you
feel, and compassionate
empathy drives action, moral
empathy is closely tied to
ethical considerations and the
emotional impact of our actions
on others.
SOMATIC EMPATHY

• This involves having • For example, if


a physical reaction someone feels
to what someone embarrassed, you
else is experiencing. may also blush or
have an uneasy
stomach.
BEHAVIOURAL EMPATHY

• Demonstrating
behaviours that
acknowledge the
emotional state of
others.
Empathy leads to:
EMPATHY LEADS TO:

• Co-operation • ALL activates the


• Giving to charity reward centres of
the brain
• Fairness
• Giving produces
more enduring
pleasure than
receiving
mpathy and Health Professionalis
CLINICAL EMPATHY

• Understanding and
acknowledging patients,
• Active listening,
• Accepting and
validating their desires,
emotions and
circumstances
• Necessary for
therapeutic relationship
CAN EMPATHY BE DEVELOPED?
• In professionals and
students through
CME, role modelling,
providing them
experiential
opportunities.
EMPATHY AND THE HEALTH
PROFESSIONS TRAINING
• Empirical data
suggest that
empathy scores
decline during
training
EMPATHY AND THE HEALTH
PROFESSIONS TRAINING
• Doctors show decreased
neuronal responses to painful
stimuli in patients and
increased activity in the
prefrontal cortex.
• Theory suggests mental
processing recruits resources
away from emotional areas to
allow doctors to focus.
• However, new data shows
doctors do not even appear to
perceive the pain response.
WHY EMPATHY EROSION?

• Response to
authority
• The infamous
milligram
experiment, 1963
DEHUMANIZATION IN
MEDICINE
• Patients stripped of
their uniqueness
(stories, personality,
culture) in service to
objectivity
DEHUMANIZATION IN
MEDICINE
• Mechanization
• Breaking the body
into organs and
systems for training,
diagnosis and
treatment
DEINDIVIDUATION
• Doctors as a sea of
white coats
• Patients as half-
naked bodies in
smocks, identified by
their disease or
procedure (the
gallbladder in room
no 38)
MORAL DISENGAGEMENT
• Moral disengagement:
Some actions require
inflecting suffering
INFANTILIZING
• Medical staff’s
treatment of
patients as
incapable planning
their own care,
which is both
infantilizing and
demoralizing
DISSIMILARITY

• It is basically
discrimination in
health care
PATIENT –A NUMBER, A
DISEASE
• The patient is ill; the • Bed No 1
patient is labelled as • First bed Diabetes
with the illness; the
power dynamic

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