LESSON 2:

METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZING
LET'S PONDER

Philosophy is concerned
with determining the
concept of truth. Truth
lies at the heart of any
inquiry.
Page: 18
1. Defi ne the role of
philosophy in determining
truth and knowledge;
2. Distinguish opinion from
truth;
3. Analyze situations that
show the diff erence
between opinion and truth;
4. Realize that the methods
of philosophy lead to
wisdom and truth.
LET'S PONDER
Which of the following statements are
true?

Page: 18
 In today’s society, we encounter a lot of
information

• Media and our interactions with our

friends, family, and members of the
community.
• Most of the information we receive is
helpful, but some may mislead us or may
even be utterly false.
• Every day we are confronted with news,
claims and announcements from our
peers, family members, figures of
authority, the government, and media.
• How do we know if they telling the truth?
5
 In today’s society, we encounter a lot of
information

• Philosophers often wrestle with the

concept of truth.
• Knowledge must be truthful to gain
validity and acceptance.
• For example, when we answer a “True or
False” test, we judge if the statements we
read are true or false. This means that
statements may have truth or may not
have truth.
• Statements about the world or reality are
called “propositions” and these
propositions may or6 may not carry truth.
WHAT IS
TRUTH
& WHY IS IT
IMPORTANT?

7
1.
KNOWLEDGE
 The clear awareness and understanding of
something. It is the product of questions that
allow for clear answers provided by facts.
 Our knowledge is comprised of ideas and
beliefs that we know to be true.
2.
facts

 Propositions or statements
which are observed to be real or
truthful
3.
CLAIM

 Statements that are not evidently or

immediately known to be true
 They require further examination to
establish whether it is true or false.
How do we know if something is TRUE?

■ Ancient Greek Philosophers

approached the problem of truth by
looking at the nature of knowledge
and how we know what we know.
■ We assume that everything we know
about this world is true. But
philosophers who pondered upon the
origins of knowledge doubted
everything there is to know about
themselves and the world.
14
 Doubt has very important purpose in philosophy

■ As it drives our desire to discover truth. In

philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to
determine truth. This means that every
statement, claim, evidence, and is scrutinized
and analysed.
■Nothing is taken as true unless there is
sufficient reason and evidence to prove that
is indeed true.

16
 Now, Examine yourself

■ Do you have a pulse? Can you feel your

heartbeat?
■Do you have arms, legs and feet?
■Try to take a deep breath, then exhale.
Were you ble to do it?
■If your answer is “yes” then you can
conclude with certainty that.....

18
you can now
say...
■I am alive!
■I have a body!
■I can breathe!
19
 1.
A BELIEF is true if...
it can be justified or
provE THROUGH the use
of one’s senses.
20
 We can look at a dictionary

■Filipino (noun):
-A native of the Philipine Island.
-A citizen of the Republic of the
Philippines

22
 2.
A BELIEF is true if...
it is based on facts.

23
Are you now
convinced that you
are a filipino?
If not....

24
We can try the following...

Look for
Ask your official
parents or
other
relatives.
& documents
that prove
you are a
Filipino.

25
 👪
When all of your
family members
answered “Yes!”...
Then you are a Filipino.

26
 3.
A BELIEF is true if...
you Get a consensus
and people agree on a
common belief.
27
BUT
this approach has certain
Getting
limitations.

everyone agree
on
may notsomething
make that belief true.

28
 4.
A BELIEF is true if...
there are official
documents/ supporting
facts.
29
Looking at official documents

Since it is BUT,
Birthcertifiate
shows factual
issued by an this also
istitution
information
that the has a
regarding your
birth.
documents limitatio
are truthful.
n

30
EVIDENCE
especially documents can be
forged or falsified.

A person may
be issued with
documents
but it may contain wrong
information or typographical
31
if your name is
mispelled in your
birthcertificate
DOES YOUR IDENTITY CHANGE?

32
Example:
 I can ride a bike/ Can I ride
a bike?
 I can fry an egg/ Can I fry
an egg? 33
 How will you prove that you can really cook an
egg?

■The obvious answer would be, is to

actually ride it or cook it.--- BUT, some would
argue that the proof is not only in the act but
also in the product.
■This means that you should not only show
that you can fry an egg but that also you can
make delicious fried eggs.

34
 5.
A BELIEF is true if...
a person can prove a
statement through an
action.
35
 6.
philosophers argue that a
bELIEF is true if...
it is subjected to tests to
determine the truth
36
 Let us Analyze…

1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my

home to school.
2. Living near the school is better because
we don’t have to spend much for
transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she
ate the last piece and didn’t share it with
me.
5. The police firmly pushed the suspect to
his kneed and placed him in handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner 38
by which the police
Which of the following
statements are similar?
Let's rearrange them.
 Which column has statements that are more
factual?

It takes me 30 minutes to Living near the school is

walk from my home to better because we don’t
school. have to spend much for
transportation.
My sister is a selfish person
My sister ate the last piece because she ate the last
of pizza. piece and didn’t share it
with me.
The aggressive manner by
The police firmly pushed the which the police arrested
suspect to his kneed and the suspect is an example
placed him in handcuffs. of brutality that
characterizes our police
40 force.
 Which column has statements that are more
factual?

It takes me 30 minutes to Living near the school is

walk from my home to better because we don’t
school. have to spend much for
transportation.
My sister is a selfish person
My sister ate the last piece because she ate the last
of pizza. piece and didn’t share it
with me.
The aggressive manner by
The police firmly pushed the which the police arrested
suspect to his kneed and the suspect is an example
placed him in handcuffs. of brutality that
FACTUAL characterizes our police
OPINION
41 force.
 How can
philosophy guide
us in
distinguishing
42
OPINION

 Comprised of statements which

not only give facts but also
provide conclusions or
perspectives regarding certain
situations.
 They may advance a belief
about certain things or provide
explanations.
 The bases for making
arguments and convincing
people that a certain claim is a
CONCLUSIO
N
 Judgement based on certain
facts.
beliefs
 Statements that express convictions that are not
easily and clearly explained by facts.
 To judge the truthfulness of a belief, we must also
consider things such as the person’s experiences
and views.
beliefs
 Example: “I believe that God put me on this Earth
to spread his message of love.”
Explanati
on
 Statements that assume the claim to be
true and provide reasons why the
statement is true.
 Example: Statement 4: My sister is selfish
because...
Argumen
ts
 Series of statements that provide reasons to
convince the reader or listener that a claim or
opinion is truthful.
 They often take the form of statements that
are either claims of facts and are phrased in
such a way that they seem reasonable.
Argumen
ts
 Example: Encountered in formal
debates.
LOGIC
- Is the branch of philosophy that focuses on
the
analysis of arguments.
What should we
consider when
looking at
ARGUMENTS or
OPINIONS?
52
Argumen
ts
 Series of statements that provide reasons to
convince the reader or listener that a claim or
opinion is truthful.
 However, a number of arguments may be
based on faulty reasoning.
FALLACY
(Kamalian)

 An idea that a lot of people think is true but

is in fact false
 A misleading argument
BIAS
(PAGKILING)
 The personal views of the person
presenting it.
 They are not necessarily errors in
reasoning, but refer to tendencies or
influences which affect the views of
people.
 BIAS CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLE
Corresponden Tendency to judge a The soldiers who
bia
ce person’s personality fought in the war are
s
(Fundamen by his/her actions all bloodthirsty
attribution
tal without regard for murderers.
error) external factors or
Confirmation situations
the tendency to look for How can I accept his
bias and accept information view that there is no
in a way that confirms God? I am a Christian!
one's own beliefs and
reject ideas that go
against it
 BIA CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPL
S S E
Conflict of A person or group is As the daughter of the
interest connected to or has a accused, I believe that I
vested interest in the have the right to express
issue my opinion on the issue of
his alleged corrupt
Cultural Analyzing an event Ipractices.
do not agree with this
bias or issue based on Western practice of placing
one’s cultural the elderly in retirement
standards homes.
We Filipinos take care of
Framin Focusing on a certain our family members.
Preliminary evidence has
g aspect of a problem still not pointed out the
while ignoring other actual cause of the
aspects plane crash, but
investigators are
currently focusing on the
Hindsig Is when, after an event possibility
When you of putpilot error.
a glass on
ht
(knew-it-all- occurs, we feel we the edge of a table and
phenomeno
along already knew what you start cleaning and
n) was going to happen bumped the glass and it
HOW CAN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
DIFFERNCE BETWEEN TRUTH AND
OPINION LEAD US TO WISDOM?
 Understanding of opinions and facts
and the means to distinguish one from
the other can further improve our
understanding and appreciation of
varied views and ideas. The ability to
determine truth goes hand in hand
with the holistic perspective and
enables us to make wiser decisions,
especially in choosing the ideas and
views which we60 find acceptable.
 HOW CAN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
DIFFERNCE BETWEEN TRUTH AND
OPINION LEAD US TO WISDOM?
An individual cannot live his or her life just
agreeing with everybody he or she meets. A
critical mind aided by philosophy can help us
form our own personal point of view that
can guide us in making decisions and actions
when faced with a problem.
 Philosophy can help us determine ideas that
are truthful and acceptable which we can
then use to form our own views regarding
certain matters.
61
 Let us imagine several individuals reacting to
a news in television and radio about the
recent killings of drug pushers and addicts
throughout the country

MANG ANTONIO ATTY. MACARAIG MRS. LOPEZ

FATHER GOMEZ MR. TOLENTINO MRS. ALONZO

62
 NOW, LET'S LOOK AT THEIR BACKGROUND

MANG ANTONIO ATTY. MACARAIG MRS. LOPEZ

A citizen who lives in a A lawyer and a citizen A housewife whose
barangay where the family lives in a
presence of drugs addicts is community
a problem

FATHER GOMEZ MR. TOLENTINO MRS. ALONZO

A priest A father whose daughter A mother whose son is
was raped and murdered a drug addict.
by drug addicts.

63
 Figuring out the backgrounds of the people who
made the statements allows us to undertand the
context by which they formed their views and
opinions on the issue.
VIEWS REGARDING DRUG ADDICT
Page: 34
67
VIEWS ON THE KILLING OF THE DRUG
ADDICTS
PAGE: 34
68
Which among the opinions is most similar to
your own personal bias regarding the issue
of the drug addicts?
 PHILOSOPHY CAN HELP US EXAMINE VARIOUS
VIEWS ON RELEVANT ISSUES AND OUR LIVES.
AN OBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF OPINIONS AND
AN AWARENESS OF OUR OWN PERSONAL BIASES
CAN HELP US MAKE WISE CHOICES REGARDING
THE MOST ACCEPTABLE VIEWS TO ADOPT AND
THE RIGHT ACTIONS TO UNDERTAKE.

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👧
Thanks!
Any questions?

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