MODULE: 9

RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

AND APPLICATIONS

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 1 INTRODUCTION

2 TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM

3 INSTALLABLE POTENTIAL AND CAPACITIES

4 SOLAR ENERGY

5 WIND ENERGY
CONTENTS 6 SMALL WIND-SOLAR HYBRID SYSTEM

7 BIO ENERGY

8 SMALL SCALE HYDRO POWER

9 ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE (EES)

10 GRID INTEGRATION FOR MITIGATION OF CLIMATIC

CHANGE

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 1. INTRODUCTION

• The world is currently undergoing irreversible climatic change due to the effects of global warming arising from the
massive production and consumption of fossil fuels.

• Reduce the usage of fossil fuels and find alternate energy sources.

• Among the alternate energy sources, renewable energy sources have huge potential to meet the energy
requirements and mitigate the climate change impacts.

• The global renewable energy installed capacity is 510 GW (2023), and India’s share was around 143.64 GW as of
March, 2024.

• The Indian government has set a target of 500 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy installed capacity by 2030,
including 50% of the country's electric power coming from renewables.

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2. TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM

• Renewable energy system is based on converting the energy found in sunlight, wind, falling-water, sea-waves,
geothermal heat, or biomass into a form that can be used such as heat or electricity.

• The various forms of renewable energy resources are shown in Figure.

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3. INSTALLABLE POTENTIAL AND CAPACITIES

• The status of renewable energy in India potential versus installed capacity is shown in the Table:

S. No. Source Potential Installed

1 Wind Power 302251 MW @100m,102788 MW @80 m, 49130 34193.20 MW

MW@ 50 m
2 Solar Power - Ground Mounted 50 MW/sq.km 21118.64 MW
3 Solar Power - Roof Top - 1210.75 MW
4 Biomass Power 9375.61 MW
23700 MW
5 Bagasse Cogen 4493.20 MW
6 Small Hydro (up to 25 MW 15000 MW -
7 Tidal / Wave Tidal:80009000 MW, Wave:40000 -
8 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion -
(OTEC) 180000 MW
9 Geothermal 10000 MW -

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4. SOLAR ENERGY

• Solar Energy can be used in two ways―thermal and electricity.

• Solar Thermal Technology uses the solar heat energy to heat water or air or power production. Solar
photovoltaic technology on the other hand converts solar energy directly into electricity using photovoltaic (PV)
solar cell.
• Solar Thermal Applications:
 Solar thermal has a broader range of applications than PV does, since the sun’s heat can be collected and
transferred in a medium, and the stored energy can be used for heating and cooling a home, heating water,
cooking food, or producing electricity.
 Solar thermal energy is used in three ranges of temperatures: low-temperature, which is used for heating,
cooling, and ventilation; mid-temperature, which is used for cooking, water heating; and high-temperature,
which includes generating electricity.

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SOLAR ENERGY

• Flat Plate Collector (FPC) based Solar Water Heaters: Flat Plate
Collectors consist of an insulated outer metallic box covered on the top
with glass sheet. Inside the box, selectively coated black absorber
sheets with in-built channels or riser tubes absorbs the solar radiation
and transfers the heat to the flowing water.

• Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC) based Solar Water Heaters: Evacuated

tube collector consists of parallel rows of tubes connected to a header
pipe. The tubes are made of double layer borosilicate glass tubes
evacuated for reducing heat losses.

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 SOLAR ENERGY

• Solar Electric Technology or Solar PV is a semiconductor device which

coverts sunlight directly into electricity. A solar PV panel, when exposed to
sunlight generates voltages and current at its output terminal.

• The quantum of electricity depends on the intensity of the sunlight.

• Photovoltaic system comprises the following components:

PV Modules
Inverters & Charge Controllers
Mounting structure
Balance of System Components

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SOLAR ENERGY

• Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): This solar thermal generation technology creates the effect of multiplying effects
of the sun to produce electricity or direct heating. The most common classification of CSP modules is by the degree
of concentration (or concentration ratio), which is expressed in terms of number of "suns".

Solar concentrators include parabolic dish collectors, linear parabolic trough collectors and linear Fresnel
collectors.
 Parabolic dish collector which is the predominant technology in India can generate temperatures of up to
400°C.

• Parabolic Solar Dish Collector: Solar dish collector consists of a parabolic reflector
dish focusing sunlight onto the focal point in front of the dish collector where heat
absorber is located (Figure 9.5). The solar dish collectors can consist of flat mirrors
attached to steel or aluminium frames.

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SOLAR ENERGY

• Power Towers: This configuration uses hundreds or thousands of flat mirrors called heliostats to focus and
concentrate the sunlight on a central fixed receiver (Figure 9.8). The heliostats are arranged in a circular pattern and
each heliostat tracks the sun and reflects sunlight onto the central receiver mounted on the top of a tower located
at the centre of the heliostat field.

• This technology is more flexible than solar PV plants because of energy storage and ability to produce power based
on the grid demand.

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 SOLAR ENERGY

• Grid Connected (Rooftop Solar) PV Plant: A grid-connected rooftop

solar PV plant typically refers to a solar PV system that is located on the
roof of a building and is connected to the local distribution grid. It is
considered as a type of distributed power generation.

• The grid interactive rooftop system can work on net metering basis
wherein the consumer pays to the utility on net meter reading basis
only.

• Net Metering: The energy generated by the solar rooftop plant

is first allowed for self-consumption and the excess energy is
injected to the grid.

• Net metering is the concept which records the net energy

between export of generated energy and import of utility
energy for a billing month.

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5. WIND ENERGY

• The non-conventional energy sources, wind energy is proved as the most matured source and popular all over the
world for clean and safe production of electricity.
• Earth's commercially viable wind power potential is estimated to be 72 TW (72000000 MW) which is four times more
than the world's present total energy demand.
• India ranks fourth in the world in terms of cumulative installed capacity (34046 MW as of 2018) after China, USA and
Germany.
• Three key factors affect the amount of energy a turbine can harness from the wind: wind speed, air density, and swept
area.
• Energy in the wind is given by the following relation:

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WIND ENERGY

• Where,
ρ = Air Density kg/m3
Swept Area (A) = πR2 (m2) Area of the circle
swept by the rotor
V = Wind Velocity m/s
Kinetic Energy =½ mV2

• Types of Wind Turbines are categorized into two basic

types namely the horizontal-axis and the vertical-axis
design.

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

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 6. SMALL WIND-SOLAR HYBRID SYSTEM

• The combination of renewable energy sources, wind & solar are

used for generating power called as windsolar hybrid system.
This system is designed using solar panels and small wind
turbines generators for generating electricity.

• A wind-solar plant will be recognized as hybrid plant if the rated

power capacity of one resource is at least 25% of the rated power
capacity of other resource.

• A hybrid project reduces this variation and power can be

generated from a plant almost 1518 hours/day apart from
optimally utilizing the infrastructure including land and
transmission system.

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 7. BIO ENERGY

• Biomass is basically ‘fresh’ carbon from plants and animals, while coal, oil and natural gas are more like ‘old’
carbon from plants and animals.
• Biomass is formed on a relatively short time-scale via photosynthesis from CO 2 and water.
• The CO2 is released during combustion, and can then be bound by the next generation of plants.
• Biomass can be considered as a ‘carbon neutral’ fuel.
• In contrast to other energy sources, biomass can be converted into solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
• Energy from biomass can be extracted by
o Direct combustion
o Co-firing, gasification
o Bio-methanation or digestion

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 BIO ENERGY

• Typical Composition of Biogas:

 Methane – 55 to 70%
 Carbon dioxide – 15 to 40%
 H2S – 1000 to 35,000 ppm
 Humidity – 100%
 Calorific Value – 4500 to 6500 KCal /m3

• Application: H2S quantity has to be reduced to less than 200 ppm using a scrubber before use. The biogas can be
burnt directly as a fuel for cooking or heating, or it can used in DG set for producing electricity.

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 BIO ENERGY

• Anaerobic Digestion: In anaerobic digestion (also called as bio-methanation), biomass such as manure, sewage
sludge and liquid waste is broken down by microbes at optimum temperatures (atleast 35°C). This process is called as
anaerobic which means without air.
• A biogas digester should produce 200–400 m3 of biogas per dry ton input containing 55–70% methane, which means
around 8 GJ per ton input, for producing heat or generating electricity.

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 BIO ENERGY

• Liquid Biofuels:
‒ The biomass can also be used make petroleum substitutes or alternative fuels which are called as biofuels. The
main biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel.
‒ Ethanol can be used as a direct petrol substitute in some vehicles, but it can also be blended with petrol to be
used in a typical car.
‒ Biodiesel is produced from vegetable and animal fats. Depending upon the source of the feedstock, different
qualities of biodiesels are produced.
‒ India's Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas published its “National Policy on Biofuels" in 2018, and further
amended it in June 2022. The policy's objective is to reduce the import of petroleum products by fostering
domestic biofuel production.

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 8. SMALL SCALE HYDROPOWER

• Small-scale or micro hydro units convert the energy of

flowing water into electrical energy. With a suitable water
source, micro hydro is the most cost effective form of
renewable electricity.
• They create less environmental impact than conventional
hydro units because the natural flow of the river is only
partially blocked.
• The major advantages of smallscale hydro are their high
reliability and high efficiency. Efficiency ranges from
7075%, which means that 7075% of the potential energy
can be converted to electricity.

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SMALL SCALE HYDROPOWER

• Power generated by hydropower station :

P = ηρQgh
• Where,
P = power (W)
η = efficiency of hydropower station
ρ = density of water (kg/m3)
Q = flow rate of water (m3/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
h = height difference between the top reservoir and bottom reservoir, or Head (m

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 9. ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE (EES)

• Nearly 160 GW of wind and solar energy by 2020, there is a

need for storage applications to address the issues of
variability, unpredictability and location dependency of these
renewable energy sources.
• Recent developments in storage technologies and
developments, electricity can be stored in megawatt scale.
• Energy storage technologies are broadly classified into
mechanical, electrochemical, chemical, electrical and thermal
energy storage systems as shown in Figure.

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10. GRID INTEGRATION FOR MITIGATION OF CLIMATIC CHANGE

10.1 RE-EE Integration

• India is endowed with abundant renewable energy (RE) resources that currently supply about 5 percent of the
country’s grid electricity, with potential to enable a low-carbon growth path.
• the following two key questions if the country is to integrate its RE resources into the power grid at an accelerated
scale.
a) How can the issue of intermittence of RE resources and the need for load balancing be addressed?
b) What are the emerging global best practices that countries are following to integrate their variable RE sources
into the grid at a significant scale?
• Efforts are underway to address some of the aforementioned issues of large-scale integration of RE into the power
grid in India.
• They range from analysis and planning, policy and regulatory reforms, new infrastructure, and the application of
utility driven demand response and efficiency programs.
• Key initiatives like Smart Grid Roadmap and pilot projects in its distribution utilities, the reform of the electricity
Grid Code.

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CONTRIBUTION BY:

Bureau of Energy Efficiency GreenTree Global Team

• Shri Abhay Bakre, Director General, Bureau of Energy • Mr. Anurag Bajpai, Director GreenTree Global
Efficiency • Mr. Dhruv Jain, Director GreenTree Global
• Dr. Ashok Kumar, Deputy Director General, Bureau of • Mr. Pradeep Kumar, Senior Advisor
Energy Efficiency • Dr. C.S. Azad, Lead- Energy Efficiency
• Shri Milind Bhikanrao Deore, Secretary, Bureau of Energy • Ms. Samvedana Bajpai, Technology Enabler
Efficiency • Ms. Swati Bajpai, Energy Analyst
• Shri S. K. Khandare, Director, Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• Shri Saurabh Diddi, Director, Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• Shri Arijit Sengupta, Director, Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• Shri Sameer Pandita, Director, Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• Smt. Pravatanalini Samal, Director, Bureau of Energy
Efficiency
• Shri Sunil Kumar Verma, Director, Bureau of Energy
Efficiency
• Shri Kamran Shaikh, Director, Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• Shri Abhishek Sharma, Director, Bureau of Energy
Efficiency
• Shri P Shyam Sunder, Joint Director, Bureau of Energy
Efficiency
• Shri Vivek Negi, Joint Director, Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• Shri Ravi Shankar Prajapati, Joint Director, Bureau of
Energy Efficiency 23
 Thank You
Presentation Prepared by:
M/s GreenTree Building Energy Private Limited

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