Scribd
Upload
11 views

Module 5 Adhoc Networks

Uploaded by

RAJPUT MANITA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Module 5 Adhoc Networks

Uploaded by

RAJPUT MANITA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

WIRELESS ADHOC

NETWORKS
MODULE 5
WHAT IS AN ADHOC NETWORK?
WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS

 A wireless ad hoc network is a collection of autonomous


nodes or terminals that communicate with each other by
forming a multi hop radio network and maintaining
connectivity in a decentralized manner

 The network topology is dynamic, because the connectivity


among the nodes may vary with time.

• There are many types of wireless ad hoc networks based on their application.
Some of them are mobile adhoc networks (MANETs), wireless sensor networks
(WSNs), wireless mesh networks (WMNs), and vehicular ad hoc networks
(VANETs).
“Wireless and Mobile Networks: Concepts and Protocols” by SS Manvi & MS Kakkasageri
Copyright  2010 Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
Reference: Prof. ChandraPrakash
FEATURES OF ADHOC NETWORKS
(QUANTITATIVE)
• Network settling time:
• Network join time:
• Network depart time:
• Network recovery time:
• Frequency of updates (overhead):
• Memory byte requirement:
• Network scalability:
FEATURES (QUALITATIVE)

• Knowledge of nodal locations:


• Effect to topology changes:
• Adaptation to radio communication environment:
• Power consciousness:
• Single or multichannel
• Preservation of network security:
• Quality of service (QoS) routing and handling of priority messages:
• Real-time voice services:
• Real-time video services:
COMPARE CELLULAR NETWORKS TO ADHOC
MOBILE ADHOC NETWORKS (MANETS)

A MANET is a self-configuring network of mobile routers and


hosts connected by wireless links –union of which forms an
arbitrary topology.
• Due to node mobility, the topology may change unpredictably over
time.

• Wide range of applications: ranging from military networks, any


defence network to emergency preparedness telecommunication.

• MANETS ARE TILL DATE NOT PERFECT!!!


• CHALLENGES: Scalability, Power constraints, B.W limitations…..
MANET NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
MAC PROTOCOLS

• Various MAC schemes developed for MANETs can be classified as:


• 1. Contention-free:
• 2. Contention-based:
• 3. Random access:
• 4. Reservation mechanism:
• 5. Non-carrier sensing:
• 6. Carrier sensing:
• 7. Use of control packets:
• 8. Use of control packets and carrier sensing:
CLASSIFICATION OF MAC PROTOCOLS
PROBLEMS IN AD HOC CHANNEL ACCESS-ISSUES AND NEED

Distributed operation
fully distributed involving minimum control overhead
Synchronization
Mandatory for TDMA-based systems
Hidden terminals
Can significantly reduce the throughput of a MAC protocol
Exposed terminals
To improve the efficiency of the MAC protocol, the exposed nodes should
be allowed to transmit in a controlled fashion without causing collision to
the on-going data transfer
JUST A REVISION…
POSSIBLE SOLUTION…
MACA IS THE SOLUTION..
SHORTCOMINGS OF MACA SOLUTION?

• The RTS-CTS method does not always solve the hidden terminal problem.
• Problematic scenario occurs when
• 1.Collision can occur when RTS and CTS control messages are sent by
different nodes.
• 2. It does not provide any acknowledgement of data.
ARE THERE SHORTCOMINGS OF RTS-CTS
SOLUTION?
2. MACAW

• Widely used in MANETS.


• It uses RTS-CTS-DS-DATA-ACK-frame sequence
MACAW..CONTD.

DATA Sending (DS) Packets :


A DS packet should be sent after a successful RTS-CTS exchange, just
before the data message itself. The idea is to explicitly announce that the
RTS-CTS succeeded, so that if a node can hear an RTS but not the CTS
response, it does not attempt to transmit a message during the
subsequent data transfer period.

In MACA , an exposed node can received only the RTS and not the
CTS packet

READY for RTS (RRTS):


ifa receiver hears an RTS while it is deferring any transmissions,
at the end of the deferral period it replies with an RRTS(“ready
for RTS”) packet, prompting the sender to resend the RTS.
HOW DOES MACAW WORK?
POWER CONTROL MAC (PCM)

• The RTS-CTS packets are sent using maximum available power (Pmax)
• The data and ACK packets are sent with minimum power required to communicate.
• At times…the data packet are also transmitted at maximum power level, so that the
nodes in carrier sensing range may sense it.

• Drawbacks
• Requires an accurate estimation of received packet signal strength.
• Fading and shadowing may degrade its performance??
• Difficulty in implementing frequent changes in transmit power level.
POWER-AWARE MULTI-ACCESS PROTOCOL
WITH SIGNALING (PAMAS)
• Each node makes an independent decision about whether to power off
its transceiver.
The conditions that force a node to power off include:
• If a node has no packets to transmit, it should power off if one of its
neighboring nodes is transmitting.
• If a node has packets to transmit, but at least one of the neighboring
nodes is transmitting and another is receiving, then it should power off
its transceiver.
• A node can selectively power down only its data interface and
leave the signalling interface power on.
MAC PROTOCOL BASED ON WHO INITIATES
THE COMMUNICATION REQUEST
• Receiver initiated protocols
• Sender initiated protocols
INTRODUCTION TO VANETS

• VANET stands for Vehicular Adhoc Network.


• Two main types of Vehicular communication system:
• Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)
• Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14fOqMBn9aw
V2V COMMUNICATION

• Vehicle control information such as the break status, transmission state and
steering wheel angle as well as the vehicle’s path history and path prediction.
• Uses multihop technique.
• In a VANET, each vehicle in the system is equipped with a computing device, a short-range

wireless interface, and a global positioning system (GPS) receiver. GPS receiver provides location,
speed, current time, and direction of the vehicle.
• Each vehicle stores information about itself and other vehicles in a local database. The

records in this database are periodically broadcasted.


NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
MAC PROTOCOLS

• Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE), also referred as IEEE 802.11p???


• ADHOC MAC. ADHOC MAC is a MAC protocol conceived within the European project
CarTALK2000 with the purpose to design novel solutions for VANETs. ADHOC MAC works in slotted
frame structure, where each channel is divided into time slots.
• The ADHOC-MAC protocol is devised for an environment in which the terminals can be grouped
into clusters in such a way that all the terminals of a cluster are interconnected by broadcast radio
communication. Such a cluster is defined as one-hop (OH). The access mechanism of ADHOC MAC
can be classified as dynamic TDMA and channels are assigned to the terminals according to
terminal needs.
DETAILS OF VANET

• Usage of directional antenna.


• Routing Protocols
• Technologies: Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth, WAVE
APPLICATIONS

• Message and file delivery:


• Internet connectivity:
• Cooperative assistance systems:
• Safety services
• Traffic monitoring and management services:

You might also like