How to write the reference page using the

APA Style
Guide to the 7th Edition of the Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association
• GENERAL RULES FOR A REFERENCE LIST
• The reference list should appear at the end of a research
paper on a separate page. It provides the information
necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source
cited in the body of the paper.
• The heading of the page should be written as References,
in bold. It should:
– be centered,
– have no quotation marks against it
– Should not be underlined or italicized.
• Do not number the list of references.
• A reference page includes only those sources that have
been cited in the work. Similarly, only those sources that
are in the reference page should be in the paper.
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized
using the last name of the first author of each
work or any other relevant details like
article/chapter title or book, periodical etc.
title.
• All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last
names should be provided first) followed by
initials.
• All lines after the first line of each entry in your
reference list should be indented one-half inch
from the left margin. This is called hanging
indentation.
• Although references should be listed alphabetically by the last
name of the first author or editor of each work, there are
exceptions to this rule:
• a) When using a source by an organization (cooperate author)
whose name begins with the article “A,” “An,” or “The,” ignore
the article and alphabetize without making reference to it. For
example, if the organization’s name is “The International Trade
Unions,” ignore the article “The” and alphabetize it in the “I”s in
the reference list. For example:
Jaskin, E. (1978). Organizational politics. Avon Books.
Ibbeck, J. (1999). Management principles. Penguin Books.
The International Trade Unions. (n.d.). Our organization.
https://www.si.edu/about/administration
Rami, J. D. (2000). Living organizations. Penguin Press.
• b) When a work that is cited from has no
author, the title is used in place of the author
and alphabetized by ignoring the articles ‘A,’
‘An,’ and ‘The’ that are at the beginning of the
title.
• Note that you should use the book title only if
the chapter has no title. Otherwise, prioritize
the title of the chapter. For example:
The aligned student. (2017). Racism in
international colleges. Routledge.
A big man syndrome. (2019). Oxford Press.
The diversity in institutional life. (2012). Duke
• c) When referencing two books by the same author, who has
works published in the same year, the letters “a” and “b” are added
to the dates so that a reader can differentiate the two sources.
• The title of the source whose first letter appears alphabetically
before the others, has the letter “a” added to the date.
• The articles “A”, “An” and “The” are ignored as one decides the
alphabetical order.
• For example, in the entry below, the article “The” is ignored and
Irishman is considered because the letter “I” in Irishman comes
before the letter “R” in Rolling.

Selesa, M. (2019a). The Irishman. Routledge.

Selesa, M. (2019b). Rolling thunder revue. Penguin

Books
GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING BOOK IN REFERENCE
LISTS.
A book citation in APA 7th Edition Style, normally includes
the author's or editor’s names, the publication year, the
book title, and the publisher’s name. NOTE:
1) Author’s or editor’s name is inverted (last name first),
followed by an initial or initials of all authors of a
particular work.
2) The name of the author is followed by the date of
publication. The date is normally found in the copyright
page of the book. This is a section at the front of a
published book that lists its publication, legal, copyright,
and printing details. If more than one date is given, use
the first one after the copyright sign.
3) The date is followed by the title of the book. Italicize
the title if typing the work and underline it if using long
hand. Do not do the same for chapters.
4) Follow the title with the edition number (if the book
has one)
5) Follow the date with the publisher’s name.
 When writing the publisher's name, capitalize the
first letters since it is a proper noun.
 Do not include legal or extra terms such as
“pty,”“inc.,” “& co.” or the words “Publisher” or
“Publishing.” However, include “Press” and “Books.”
For example: Oxford University Press or Coleman
Books.
• If more than one publisher is given, use the
first one or the one that represents the home
office, if given.
• Write the publisher information after the
title. If the publisher is the same as the author,
then write the word Author instead of the
publisher’s name.
• NOTE: Unlike in the 6th and earlier editions,
the place of publication is not indicated.
6) End the entire entry with a period unless a Url
is at the end of it.
• Basic Rules for Periodicals (Journals, Newspapers and
Magazines)
• Note that the names of authors in periodicals are
presented in a similar manner with those of books.
• Unlike books which have chapters in them, periodicals
have articles (essays). For the articles, capitalize the
first word of the titles and subtitles (if available) i.e.
write in sentence case.
• Do not italicize or underline the article title.
• Do not enclose the article title in quotes.
• For example:
• The Kenyan hawker as an entrepreneur, is a title of an
article.
• Write the titles of periodicals in title case i.e.
capitalize the first letters of all the major
words in the titles. Note that this differs from the rule
for titling books.
• Maintain any non-standard punctuation and
capitalization that is used in the journal’s title. For
example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead
of Philosophia, or Past & Present instead of Past and
Present if indicated that ways in the journal.
• For example:
• The Economist: A Journal of Entrepreneurship, is a title
of a Journal.
• NOTE: Different periodicals have slight differences in
presentations. This will be explained further in the next
Reference Page Sample showing alphabetical order
and hanging indentation
References
The American Psychological Association (2010). Publication
Hanging manual of the American Psychological Association 6th
indent
ed. Author

Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M.,
Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010). APA format and styling
guide. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01

Corane, A. (2007). Understanding APA in-text citations: A text

analysis. Blackwell.

Learning styles: A referencing resource book for teachers.

(2007). Macmillan.
 How to reference Sources:
Basic format to reference book
• Author or authors. The surname is followed by
first initials.
• Year of publication of the book (in round
brackets/parenthesis).
• Book title (and subtitle) (in italics).
• Edition (in round brackets/parenthesis), if other
than first.
• Publisher and add the DOI. (If it is an online
book). E.g.
• Book by one author
• Format:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year).
Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
For example
Cochrane, A. (2007). Understanding urban policy:
A critical approach. Blackwell.
• Books by two authors
• Format
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial.,
& Author Surname, First Initial. Second
Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
• For example
Palmer, G. R., & Short, S. D. (2010). Health care
and public policy: An Australian analysis
(4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
• NOTE: This kind of listing is done for up to 20
authors or editors.
• A book by more than twenty authors or editors.
• List the first 19 authors by last names and initials. Next, add an
ellipsis and then the last name. (Do not add an ampersand-&-
before to it and there should be 20 names in total).
• Format:
Author Surname, First Initial., Second Initial. Author Surname, First
Initial., Author Surname, First Initial., Author Surname, First
Initial., Author Surname, First Initial., Author Surname, First
Initial., Author Surname, First Initial., Author Surname, First
Initial., Author Surname, First Initial., Author Surname, First
Initial., Author Surname, First Initial., Author Surname, First
Initial., Author Surname, First Initial., Author Surname, First
Author Surname, First Initial., Author Surname, First initial.,
Author Surname, First Initial., Author Surname, First initial,
second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial., … Author
Surname, First Initial. (Year). Book title. Subtitle. Publisher.
• For example:
Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D.
C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole,
R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan,
H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N.
P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster,
R., . . . Kim, H. (2019). The nuclear
challenge: The 21st century experience.
Oxford University Press.
• Book by an author cited as Anonymous.
• Some writers decide not to indicate their names of books
and instead just write their name as Anonymous.
• Authors may choose to write anonymously so as to hide
their identity based on personal beliefs, because of the
limitations imposed upon them, or because of how their
writing may be perceived.
• If Anonymous has been used, write it as if this were the
author of the book.
• Format
Author (cite as Anonymous). (Year). Book title: Subtitle.
Publisher.
• For example
Anonymous. (2009). A critical approach to literature.
Blackwell.
• A book with no author’s name indicated
• Write the title of the book in place of author, followed by
date. Publisher. i.e.
Format
Book title: Subtitle (if given). (Year). Publisher.
For example:
Learning styles: A resource book for teachers. (2005). Macmillan.
• If the chapters in the book have titles, use the following
format:
Chapter title. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (if given). Publisher.
For example:
Safeguarding critical e-documents. (2012). Implementing a
program for securing confidential information assets. Wiley
Books.
• Books with authors with the same surname
• Write the one with the first name whose first
letter comes first in the alphabet. I this case, C
for Charles comes before R for Ronald.
• For example
Smith, C.(1993). Effective classroom management:
A teacher’s guide. Rutledge.
Smith, R. (2010). Rethinking teacher education:
Teacher education in the knowledge age.
AACLM Press.
• Books by the same author in different years:
Begin with the earliest published first.
• For example
Greenspan, A. (2000). Orthopedic radiology: A
practical approach. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
Greenspan, A. (2011). Orthopedic imaging: A
practical approach. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
Books by the same author in the same year:
• Focus on the title and begin with the one with the title
with the earliest letter of the alphabet.
• NOTE: Ignore the articles “a”, “an”, “the”, when
considering the earliest title.
• Add a lowercase alphabet to the date e.g. 1994a, 1994b to
indicate the order of the sources. “a” is for the first title as
per the alphabetical arrangement. So the title A new
meaning of educational change becomes, New meaning of
educational change. .
• For example:
Fullan, M. (1996a). Leadership for change. Kluwer
Publishers.
Fullan, M. (1996b). New meaning of educational change.
An Edited Book
An Edited book has the compiler of the chapters or articles
(an editor) as well as the writers of the chapters or articles.
Thus one can reference beginning with the editors name (s)
or begin with the name of the author of the article.
An edited books with editor(compiler) highlighted in
place of author.
Format:
Begin with Editor’s name i.e. add (Ed.). or (Eds.). to the
name or names, year of publication, book title (in
italics). Publisher.
For example:
Vivaldi, H. L. (Ed.). (1997). Australia in a global world.
Century Press.
An edited book with the writer of an article highlighted as
author.
Format:
Author of article or chapter, date of publication, title of
article, In name of editor (begin with initials of first names
and then surname), page range of article, place of publication
and publisher
For example:
Richards, K. C. (1997). Views on globalization. In H. L. Vivaldi
(Ed.), Australia in a global world (pp. 29-43). Century Press.
If the book is an edition other than the first then the edition is
added before the page range.
For example:
Renal, R. (1998). Intelligent children. In R. M. Mansi (Ed.).
Child psychology. (3rd ed. pp. 45-62). Rugger.
• An Edition of a book other than the first. This is a
reworked version of the first book into a
• Second edition = 2nd ed.
• Third edition = 3rd ed.
• Fourth edition = 4th ed.
• Revised edition = Rev. ed. etc.
• Format:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year).
Book title: Subtitle (edition). Publisher.
• For example:
Buglear, J. (2010). Stats mean business (2nd ed.).
Butterworth-Heinemann.
• A book by corporate authors.
• These are groups that own (have a rights to a book) for
example colleges, corporations, associations, government
agencies etc. In this case, use the group name in the author
position.
• Format:
Name of organization, date, title of book. Publisher.
• For example. Either
American Psychological Association. (1972). Ethical
standards of psychologists.
NOTE: If the corporate author is the publisher of the book then
either write the word Author or the actual name of the
publisher in the place of publisher. E.g.
American Psychological Association. (1972). Ethical
standards of psychologists. Author.
• A translated book: This a book that has been published from its
original language to another.
• Translated books can be presented in 2 ways:
• Format 1: (as done in the 6th edition):
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Translator
Initial(s). Surname, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published
Year). For Example:
Castro, F. (2008). My life (A. Hurley, Trans.). Dover. (Original work
published 2006).
• Format 2:
Author of the original book. Surname and Initials. (Year). Book title:
Subtitle (In the original language) [Title of the translated
book.] (Title not in italics). Publisher. For example:
Kafka, F., & Höfle, P. (2012). Das Urteil und andere Erzählungen: Text
und Kommentar [The verdict and other narratives: Text and
commentary]. Suhrkamp.
• A book with no date of publication
• The year of publication for a book is found on the
copyright page (one of the first pages inside the front
cover).
• If no year is available, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning “no date”),
both in the in-text citation.
• Format:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (n.d.). Book
title: Subtitle. Publisher.
• For example:
Cox, A. (n.d.). Urban policy and approach. Blackwell.
• A book with no publisher indicated
• The publisher for a book is also found on the
copyright page.
• If no publisher is available, use ‘n.p.’ (meaning
“no date”), both in the in-text citation.
• Format:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial.
(date.). Book title: Subtitle. (n.p.).
• For example:
Okota, L. (1999). Approaches to dealing with the
child in Nigeria. (n.p.).
 Referencing Periodicals: Journals, magazines
and newspapers
• A periodical is a source that is issued during
intervals e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, bi-monthly
etc.
• Periodicals normally carry information in chapters
known as articles written by different authors.
• There are print and on-line periodicals.
• Iindicate the month for monthlies, the month and
day for weeklies and if the journal or magazine
gives a month or a season, include them: e.g.
(2010, August) or (2008, Spring).
• Basic format to reference journal articles
• Author or authors. ...
• Year of publication of the article (in round
brackets).
• Article title.
• Journal title (in italics).
• Volume of journal (in italics).
• Issue number of journal in round brackets (no
italics).
• Page range of article.
• Add a DOI or URL if it is viewed online .
• Referencing a print journal with continuous pagination.
• Journals written in a year normally have different issues. Having
a journal with continuous pagination means that it if the first
issue ends on page 60 the next one will begin with page 61 etc.
Since the pages continue from one issue to the next, there is no
need to indicate the issue number.
• Format:
Author's last name, First and Second Initial., Author’s last name,
First and Second Initial., & Author’s last name, First and
Second Initial. (Year). Article title (No quotation marks). Journal
title, volume number. (Title and volume number italicized) page
numbers. (Do not add pp. when writing the page range of a
journal)
• For example:
White, S., Winzelberg, A., & Norlin, J. (1992). Laughter and stress.
Humor, 5, 43-55.
• Referencing a print journal with separate pagination.
• This means that each issue in a volume begins from page 1.
Therefor in one volume there are several page 1. Thus, it is
important to indicate which issue one is referring to. This is
done by indicating the issue number in brackets.
• Format.
Author's last name, First and Second Initial., Author’s last
name, First and Second Initial., & Author’s last name, First
and Second Initial. (Year). Article title (no quotation marks).
Journal title(Italicized), volume number (Italicized) (issue
number) (not italicized), page numbers
• For example:
Yeh, M. (1996). The role of poetry in contemporary China.
Journal of Asian Studies, 55(2), 51-80.
• Referencing a print journal with no pagination.
• This means that there are no pages indicated in the
journal
• Format.
Author's last name, First and Second Initial., Author’s last
name, First and Second Initial., & Author’s last name, First
and Second Initial. (Year). Article title (no quotation
marks). Journal title(Italicized), volume number (Italicized)
(issue number) (not italicized). No page numbers are
indicated.
• For example
Wakangu, J. (1992). Leaders in Africa. Human Politics, 5.

NOTE: The in-text citation will show that the journal has no
pagination.
• Referencing a print Magazine article
• Format:
Author, A.A.. (Year, month of Publication). Article
title. Magazine Title, Volume (Issue), page range
(NOTE: Do not add pp. before the page
numbers of magazine entries).
• For example
Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or
should they go? Time Magazine, 167(15), 3- 40.
• Print Newspaper Article
• Format
• Author's last name, First and Second Initial.
(Year, Month Date). Article title. Newspaper
title, volume and/or issue number (if
applicable), NOTE: Write p. or pp. before
the page numbers of newspaper entries.
• For example:
• Taylor, P. (1993, December 27). Keyboard grief:
Coping with computer-caused injuries.
Globe and Mail, pp. A1, A4.
 Referencing online periodicals:
• Online Journal article can be retrieved through the DOIs or
Urls. A DOI (digital object identifier) is a unique number
assigned by a registration agency (the International DOI
Foundation) to identify electronic content and provide a link
to its location on the Internet. Online publishers indicate the
DOIs on journals.
• Format:
• Author, Initial. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle if there is
one. Title of the Journal, volume (issue number if used),
page range. doi: For example
Hamilton, R. J., & Bowers, B. (2007). The theory of genetic
vulnerability. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20, 254-264. doi
10.1177/0894318407303127
• An online Journal article with no page numbers and no
doi. Use the url.
• Format:
Author, Initial. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle if there is
one. Title of the Journal, volume (issue number if
used), page range. Url. No retrieval date is needed.
• Example:
Carter, S., & Dunbar-Odom, D. (2009). The converging
literacies centre: An integrated model for writing
programs. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology,
and Pedagogy, 14(1). http://kairos.technorhetoric.net/
• For a Journal article only available through an
archival database such as JSTOR or EBCOHOST.
Include the database home page URL
• Format:
• Author, Initial. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle if
there is one. Title of the Journal, volume
(issue number if used), page range.
Url/database. No retrieval date is needed.
• For example:
Fennimore, D. L. (1981). American neoclassical
furniture and its European antecedents.
American Art Journal, 13(4), 49-65.
http://www.jstor.org
• Reference for an online magazine
• Format:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year,
Month Day). Article title: Subtitle.
Magazine Title, Volume(issue), page range
(no pp.). URL of magazine home page.
• For example:
Kuttner, R. (2003, September 8). The great
American pension-fund robbery. Business
Week, 24-26. http://www.businessweek.com/
• Reference for an online newspaper
• Format:
• Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year,
Month Day). Article title: Subtitle. Newspaper Title,
page range (if available). Retrieved from URL [if
viewed online]
• For example:
Hutcheon, S. (2011, March 25). iPad 2 leading the
charge. The Brisbane Times, pp. 3, 6.
http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au
• If no author and no page is indicated as often seen in
online newspapers –begin with the title of the article
Nuke test inquiry doubted. (2009, April 23). The Dominion
Post, p. 5. http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post
• Referencing a Masters or PhD (Doctoral) Thesis/Dissertation:
• This a document produced by a student as part of the requirements
for the post graduate degree. It can be read as physical or an online
copy. When it comes to citing, you need to know whether it is a
dissertation or thesis (it will say in the document).
• Secondly, you need to know if it is published or unpublished.
• The print one would normally be an unpublished physical copy in a
library. A published one appears in an online
• Print (physical)copy:
Author, A. A. (date). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's
thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's thesis). Name
of Institution, Location.
• NOTE: Write the correct full name of the university, not its
abbreviation or brand name.
Knight, A. (2001). Exercise and osteoarthritis of the
knee (Unpublished master's dissertation). Auckland University of
Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
• A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is
available in a database such as ProQuest Dissertations
and Theses Global or PDQT Open, or in an institutional
repository, or an archive i.e. the theses and dissertations
can be hosted in databases or outside them.
• A database is an organized collection of structured
information, or data, typically stored electronically
in a computer system. A database is usually
controlled by a database management system
(DBMS).
.
Format for published thesis in a database:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation
or master’s thesis (Publication number, if)
dissertation or thesis, Institution].
Publisher.
For example:
Gavinea, D. S. (2010). Exploration of DNA
sequencing. (Publication No. 1434728)
[Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington
University]. ProQuest Dissertations and
Theses database
• Format for published thesis outside a database
(A URL is used to access it)
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of thesis: Subtitle [Type
of thesis, name of institution awarding
degree]. Name of archive or site. URL
Example:
Lienart, G. H. (2016). Effects of temperature and
food availability on coral reef fishes [Doctoral
or PhD thesis, James Cook University].
ResearchOnline@JCU.
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/47533/
• Referencing information from a Web page.
• A Web page is document which can be displayed in a web
browser such as Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera etc.
• Format
• Author’s last name, First and Second initial. (Year, Month
Day). Title of page. Retrieved from URL Sometimes
the author may be the sponsor of the webpage. If
there is no author, put the title first, followed by the
date. If a month and day aren't given, just use the
year. If there's no date at all, use n.d.
• For example:
• Arizona Athletics. (2015, June 4). Wildcats collect
academic accolades http://www.callofdutyzombies.com/
• Referencing Class Lecture notes: These can be those given
in class or retrieved from learning sites like Blackboard.
• Format for notes on learning site like Blackboard:
Instructor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given.
(Year Presentation Was Created). Title of presentation:
Subtitle if any. [Format]. Name of site. Url of site.
For example:
Jefwa, J. J. (2022). Week 4: APA in-text citations. [PowerPoint
slides]. Blackboard. http://blackboard.usiu.edu
• Format for notes handouts.
Instructor, I. I. (Year Handout Was Created if known). Title of
handout [Class handout]. University Name, Course code.
• For example:
Jefwa, J. J. (2022). Week 4: APA in-text citations. [Class
handout]. United States International University- Africa,
Nairobi, ENG 1106.
• Referencing a public Lecture, conference or symposium:
• Format
• Speaker's last name, First and Second Initial. (Year,
Month). Lecture title. Symposium Coordinator's First and
Second Initial and Last name (Coordinator's position)
(if applicable), Lecture, Conference or Symposium title.
Symposium conducted at the meeting of Sponsoring
Organization name, Location.
• For example:
• Karingi, M. (1993, December). Silencing the scream. The
feminists Imagination Forum. G.H. Simotwa
(convenor) Conference conducted at the meeting of the
Feminists Council, United States International
University, Nairobi, Kenya.
• Referencing religious books:
• Generally, APA style does not expect religious books (Bible,
Qur’an, Torah, etc.) to appear in the reference page. However, if
writers wants to include them, they can do so.
• The title and version of the religious book (if any), sections,
chapter and verse(s) are done in the in-text citation. For example:
• The English Standard Version Bible, states that one must “pursue
love, but strive eagerly for spiritual gifts…” (2001, 1 Cor. 14:1)
• or
• According to the Qur’an, in the garden of paradise “[t]here will
circulate among them young boys made eternal / With vessels,
pitchers and a cup [of wine] from a flowing spring” (56.17–18).
• In the reference lists, the religious books are treated
like other books.
• However, it is generally considered as having no
author. Therefore, the title of the work goes to the
author position.
Format:
Version Title. (Publication Year). Publisher. (Original
work published Year).
Examples:
The Holy Bible, New International Version. (1984).
International Bible Society. (Original work
published 1973).
The Qur'an. (M.A.S Abdel Haleem, Trans.).
(2004). Oxford University Press.
• How do I cite and reference a dictionary?
• An in-text citation for a dictionary entry, follows the APA's standard
in-text citation guidelines, by including the title of the reference
and the year but not the page number. For example:
• The Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (1999) has defined a
noun phrase as “a phrase formed by a noun and all its modifiers
and determiners.”
• The in-text citations should then align with the reference page
entry with the title of the dictionary being placed in the position of
the author’s name.
• One includes a Url, if one cites from an online dictionary.
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, (10th ed.). (1999).
Merriam-Webster Incorporated.
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, (10th ed.). (1999).
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/onomatopoeia
• Referencing a Film / Movie
• Format
• Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Writer/Director, D.
D. (Writer/Director). (Date of publication).
Title of motion picture [Motion picture].
Country of origin: Studio or distributor.
• Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K.
(Writer/Director). (2000). You can
count on me [Motion picture]. United
States: Paramount Pictures.
• Referencing a single episode in a television
series
• Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D.
(Director). (Date of publication). Title of
episode [Television series episode]. In P.
Producer (Producer), Series title. City, state of
origin: Studio or distributor.
• Wendy, S. W. (Writer), & Martian, I. R. (Director).
(1986). The rising angel and the falling ape
[Television series episode]. In D. Dude
(Producer), Creatures and monsters. Los
Angeles, CA: Belarus Studios.
 Television Broadcast or Series Episode
• Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director).
(Date of broadcast or copyright). (Title of episode if
it’s a series)Title of broadcast [Television broadcast or
Television series]. In P. Producer (Producer). City,
state of origin: Studio or distributor.
• Smitt, I. M. (Writer), and (Hemlin, T.T. (Director). (1990,
November 1). Rewarding the poor in Newcastle. The
Robinhood Series [Television series]. In T. Thompson
(Producer). New York: Central Broadcasting Service.
For a news broadcast
• Kapombe, M. M. (News anchor). (2024, January 1).
Citizen Nipashe [Television broadcast]. Nairobi: Citizen
Television Network.