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Integral Calculus

Natural sciences

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17 views

Integral Calculus

Natural sciences

Uploaded by

mwanzaf036
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTEGRAL CALCULUS

INTRODUCTION
Learning objectives
During and upon completion of this unit a student should be able to:
 Perform integration
 Find indefinite integrals
 Find particular values
 Calculate definite integrals
 Integrate exponential functions
 Use log rule to perform integration
 Integrate trigonometric functions
 Integrate by using partial fractions
 Use integration to find area under a curve and area between two curves
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. Instead of
differentiating a function, we are given the derivative of a function and
asked to find its original function. The process of finding the original
function from its derivates is called integration. The result of integration
is called an integral. Integration is mathematically denoted by the symbol

If , then
Indefinite integrals

is an arbitrary constant as its value is not known (called the constant of


integration or integrating constant). It must always be added to an
integral. Such an integral is called an indefinite integral.

If then

Example: If find
Example: Integrate with respect to

Where

Remark: The integral of If we use this rule for this integral, This is not possible
(undefined), hence is an exception to the rule. Remember you can always check
your integration by differentiating the resulting function.
Particular values

We can find the constant of integration if we are given a particular value of the
function.

Example: The gradient function of a curve is The curve passes through . Find the
equation of the curve.

Example: The curve Q passes through the point and its gradient at any point is
given by Find the equation of the curve Q.
Definite integrals

is called the definite integral of with respect to between the limits (the lower limit)
and (the upper limit). The arbitrary constant disappears in the subtraction.

Example: Evaluate (a) (b)

Example: Find such that


Integrating exponential functions

If
If
Example: Find

(a) (b) (c) (d)


Example: Calculate
(a) (b) (c)
Integration of

1. 2. 3.

Example: Find

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Example: Calculate

(a) (b)
Some solutions

(a)

(b)

(d)

(e)
Integration involving trigonometric functions

If

If

Example: Find

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g)


(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)
(f)
Example: Calculate

Example: Find

(a)

(b)

(c)
Solutions:

(a)

(b)

(c)
Integration using Trigonometric Identities

Example: Find

(a) (b) (c)

Example: Evaluate

(a) (b)
Solutions:

(a)

(b)

(c)
Integration by using Partial Fractions

Example: By first resolving each of the functions into its partial fractions, find

(a) (b) (c)

Example: Calculate

(a) (b)
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

For a continuous function with antiderivative ,


Example: Use the fundamental theorem of calculus to find the area between:

(a) the axis and from to

(b) the axis and from to

Solutions:

(a)

(b)
Some Applications of Integration

The Area under a Curve

Example: Find the area of the region enclosed by the axis, and by using: (a) a
geometric argument (b) integration

(a)

(b)
Example: Find the area of the region enclosed by the axis, and .

Example: Find the area enclosed by the curve , the axis and .
The Area Between Two Functions If two functions and intersect at and and for
all then the area of the shaded region between their points of intersection is given
by
Diagram
We can see immediately that if is the axis , then the enclosed is

Diagram
Example: Find the area of the region enclosed by and

meets where
Example: Find the area bounded by the axis and
Example: Find the total area of the regions enclosed by .

cuts the axis at and

Total Area

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