Chapter 1

FREEDOM
MOVEMENT
Condition of India before advent of
Islam
Condition of India before advent of
Islam
1) Political condition:
The political condition of India was weak and unstable. There was no
political unity in India. India was divided into no of small states. The strong
government in center was lacking.

2) economic condition:
Economy of India was sound and prosperous. India was known as Golden
Sparrow. Agriculture and trade were the two main professions of Indians.
Condition of India before advent of
Islam
3) social condition:
The Hindu society divided in many castes and sub-castes, the four main
classes were the Brahmin, the Khatri, the Vesh and the Sudar. Satee was
very common, where women were burnt alive along with their dead
husbands. Hindi way of writing was prevalent. The Indians were advance in
painting stonecutting. They liked music and dancing.
4) religious condition:
There were three main religions prevailed including Hinduism, Buddhism,
and Jainism. Hinduism was the religion of Majority. Most of the rulers of
Indian states were Hindus. But Buddhism. was the most popular due to its
humanitarian principles.
Condition of India before advent of
Islam

5) Science and learning:

Indians were far advance in various branches of science and learning
including mathematics, literature, philosophy, medicine, astronomy,
architecture. Indian mathematicians conceived the mathematical concept of
zero and founded the basics of algebra.
Impact of Islam on India
 Impact of Islam on India

Muslim ruled India for almost 1000 years. Following are

few aspect of the influence of Islam on India.
Impact of Islam on India
1) Establishment of Islamic society:
The political condition of India was weak and unstable. There was no
political unity in India. India was divided into no of small states. The strong
government in center was lacking.
2) Reformation in Hinduism:
The idea of equality of mankind, and belief in one God, made a deep
impression on the minds of Indian thinkers and reformers resulted the
beginning of 'Hindu reform movements like Bhakti Movement and Sikhism.
3) Impact on politics:
Prior to advent of the Islam there was period of political disintegration. It
was the Muslim rule who gradually brought about unification of India and
brought almost the whole of India under one political authority.
Impact of Islam on India

4) Development of Urdu:
By the interaction of Sanskrit and Parakrit with Muslim languages Arabic
and Persian and Turkish a new languages like Urdu was developed.

5) Impact on architecture:
Muslim architecture frequently mingled with the Hindu style of buildings.
The Hindu temples, began to reflect some glimpses of Muslims
architecture such as pillars, domes, red stone and marble.
Important Sufis of sub-continent
Important Sufis of sub-continent

Following are the few of the important Sufis of the sub-continent

who dedicated their lives for the spread of Islam in India.
Important Sufis of sub-continent
1) Hazrat ali hujwiri (990-1077):
Commonly known as Data Gunj Baksh. He was a Persian Sufi and scholar,
He significantly contributed to the spreading of Islam In Lahore and
adjoining regions. His mausoleum is in Lahore.
2) Moinuddin chisti (1141-1230):
Also known as Khawaja Gharib Nawaz He was born in Chishti in Sistan. His
shrine is located at Ajmer.
3) Bahauddin zakaria (1170-1267):
He was also known as Bahawal Haq. He was born at Kot Kehror, near
Multan. His mausoleum is located at Multan.
Important Sufis of sub-continent

4) Shah Abdul latif bhitai (1680-1757):

Also referred to by the as Lakhino Latif, Latif Ghot, Bhittai, and Bhitt Jo Shah.
He is famous Sindhi Sufi scholar, mystic, saint, poet, and musician. His
collected poems were assembled in the compilation Shah Jo Risalo. His
mausoleum is located at Bhitshah.
5) Fariduddin mas’ud ganjshakar (1188-1280):
Commonly known as Baba Farid. He was born in Kethewal village, near
Multan. He is buried in Pakpattan, Punjab.
War of independence 1857
 War of independence 1857

The War of Independence 1857 began as a mutiny of Indian sepoys of the

British East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, from Meerut. It soon
spread all over the Subcontinent. It marked the beginning of Indian struggle
to get rid of British control from India. The British government was able to
regain its control by the end of 1858.
War of independence 1857
Causes of war of independence 1857

1) Doctrine of lapse:
According to the law which was made by Governor General Dalhousie if
ruler. of Indian state failed to produce a natural successor to his state, his
state would be confiscated by the British East India Co. after the death of
that particular ruler.
2) Destruction of local industry:
Due to Industrial Revolution of England cheaper and superior goods flowed
into the markets of the Sub-continent. The local industry could not compete
with the imported stuff and suffered badly. Millions of people were left
jobless. This resulted in frustration among the lower classes.
War of independence 1857
Causes of war of independence 1857

3) Unemployment:
Local darbars and the armies were disbanded which caused to spread
unemployment amongst the local people especially Muslims. British and
English speaking people were preferred for higher post and given good
salaries.
4) Insulting treatment with Indians:
The Company followed the policy of racial discrimination which preferred
white over the black. The people of Indo-Pakistan were greatly agitated
by this attitude.
War of independence 1857
Causes of war of independence 1857

5) Cartridges incidents:
British government introduced new cartridges which proved as the
immediate cause of the war. It was rumored that the cartridges were
greased with cow or pig fat. Keeping with their religious beliefs both Hindu
and Muslim soldiers refused to use the cartridges. The trouble began from
the garrison at Meerut in May 1857 where those soldiers who refused to use
the cartridges were imprisoned by the British.
Impact of War of independence 1857
Impact of War of independence 1857

By the end of 1858 east India company was able to regain

its control. The war of independence had long lasting impact
especially on Muslims.
Impact of War of independence 1857

1) End of east India company’s rule:

By the Government of Indie Act 1858, the ruling power of the Company was
transferred to the British Crown, Queen Victoria proclaim med as empress of
India
2) Mughal rule was abolished:
Mughal rule was abolished from India; Bahadur Shah Zafar the last Mughal
emperor was exiled by the British to Rangoon in Burma.
3) Revengeful policy towards Muslims:
British held Muslims responsible for the rising because they were the
previous rulers and they might had desire to restore Muslim rule in India
Therefore they joined hands with the Hindus and started a revengeful policy
to crush Muslims in all fields of life.
Impact of War of independence 1857

4) The policy of annexations was totally abandoned:

The British Government abolished the Doctrine of Lapse Rulers of the
states were guaranteed that There would be no more annexations.

5) Beginning of Indian partition in government:

It was under the Crown Rule The participation of Indians into government
at a local level began by the Indian Council Act 1861. The Indian chosen
by the government were allowed to sit in Provincial and
Central legislatures.
Bengal partition 1905
 Bengal partition 1905

1) Bengal was one of the huge and densely populated province of India.
Therefore 1905, Lard Curzon the Viceroy of India divided the province of
Bengal into two halves and established a new province of East
Bengal and Assam.

2) Muslim formed majority in the new province of East Bengal and

Assam. Forming of Muslim majority province was a threat to the
dominant position of Hindus in Bengal.
 Bengal partition 1905

3) Therefore to cancel the Partition the Hindus launched an "Anti Partition

Movement”. During Anti Partition Movement protest marches and mass
meetings were organized Swadeshi Movement was launched to boycott
the British goods.

4) Hindu pressure was so great that the British finally

reunited Bengal in 1911.
5) Anti Partition Movement over the partition of Bengal created gulf
between Hindus and Muslims and raised the sense of nationalism
amongst the Indian Muslims
Simla deputation
 Simpla deputation

In 1906, a delegation of 35 eminent Muslim leader from all over the sub-
continent headed by sir agha khan met the viceroy lord minto at simla
to present a few demands on behalf of the Indian Muslim. It was later
came to be known as “simla deputation.” the most demand of the
deputation was the right of the separate electorate for the Muslims.
 Simpla deputation
The demands

1) Separate electorate for Muslim in all local and provincial elections.

2) Weightage for Muslims in all elected bodies.
3) Reservations of Muslims seats in government jobs.
4) Muslim university at Aligarh.

Lord minto promised and assured the deputation that he would do all
possible efforts to accept the demand.
Creation of all India Muslim league
 Creation of all India Muslim league

All India Muslim League was the first political organization of Indian
Muslims established in 30th December 1906 to look after the political
interest of the Indian Muslims. Following are the reasons for the
establishment of All India Muslim League.
Creation of all India Muslim league

reasons:

1) Anti-Partition movement over Partition of Bengal:

Division of Bengal in 1905 created new Muslim majority province of East
Bengal and Assam, which was a threat to the dominance of Bengali Hindus.
Therefore to cancel the Partition on Anti Partition Movement with anti-
Muslim and religious color was launched. Anti-Partition Movement over the
partition of Bengal created gulf between Hindus and Muslims and raised the
sense of nationalism amongst the Indian Muslims. They badly felt a need of
a platform to organize themselves.
Creation of all India Muslim league

reasons:

2) Issue of separate electorate and the simla deputation 1906:

A delegation of 35 eminent Muslims leaders from all over the Subcontinent

headed by Sir Agna Khan met with the Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla to
present few demands on behalf of Indian Muslins The most important was
the demand of the right of the separate electorate for the Muslims, Lord
Minto unofficially accepted the demand of separate electorate for Muslims.
After getting the right of the separate electorate it become a political
necessity for the Muslims to have their own political party.
Creation of all India Muslim league

reasons:

3) Anti-Muslim attitude of Indian national congress:

Indian National Congress was the first political organization of Indians. It
was established in 1885 by A.O. Hume for all Indians regardless of cast and
religion. Soon after inception it turned in to a body protecting the rights of
Hindus only. It demanded introduction of western democracy (rule of
majority) in India and distribution of all high government jobs through
competitive examination. Congress also supported the cause of Hindus
during the Anti-Partition Movement. Therefore Muslim community of India
needed an organization which could protect their rights and interest.
Aims & objectives of all India Muslim
league
 Aims & objectives of all India Muslim
league
During a meeting of Muslim leaders that was called on 30th December
1906 at Dacca The meeting was chaired by Nawab Viqar-al-Mulk
Nawab Salim-ullah Khan moved the resolution for the formation of a
political party for the Muslims, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Maulana Zafar
Ali Khan seconded the resolution and "All India Muslim League"
was established.
Aims & objectives of all India Muslim
league
Early aims and objective of Muslim league:

1) To faster the feeling of loyalty for the British government amongst the
Muslim of India.
2) To look after the political interest of the Indian Muslims.
3) To bring about better understanding amongst Muslims and the other
communities of India.
4) In 1913 All India Muslim League adopted the demand of self-rule in its
early aims and objectives.
Lucknow pact 1916
 Lucknow pact 1916

In December 1916 both Muslim League and Congress had a joint

session at Lucknow. At that occasion an agreement on a scheme of
constitutional reforms was signed between bath the parties, it was
known as "Lucknow Pact”.
Lucknow pact 1916
Main provisions:

1)The Congress accepted the demand of separate Electorate for

Muslims.
2) 1/3rd seat would be reserved for Muslims in central legislature.
3) Muslims and Hindus would be given weightage in the provinces where
they
formed
4) No billminority.
affecting any particular community would proceed in any council
if
1/3rd of the representative of then community opposed it.
importance:
Congress for the fist time recognized Indian Muslims as a separate nation by
accepting their right of separate electorates. It was the first and last time that
both Muslim league and congress jointly agreed to the set of constitutional
reforms and political demand had been jointly made by the two parties. Most of
the constitutional features of the Pact were later incorporated in the
Reforms of 1919.
Khilafat movement 1919
 Khilafat movement 1919
World war I was ended with the defeat of Turkey (Ottoman Empire) and
Germany. Muslims of India received a great shock when they come to know
that the Allies have decided to abolish Khilafat and divide turkeys amongst
themselves. Therefore in 1919 the Muslim leaders of India including Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Maulana Shauket All Jauhar and Maulana Abdul Kalam
Azad organized a mass movement to protect the institution of
Khilafat in Turkey.
Aims of khilafat movement:
1) To maintain the institution of Khilafat.
2) To maintain the unity of Ottoman empire.
3) To protect the holy places of Islam.
4) Independence of subcontinent.
Nehru report 1928
 Nehru report 1928

In 1928 during the All Parties conference. A nine-member committee

headed by Fund Motilal Nehru was formed to draft the
recommendation for the future constitution of India. Which is known
as the Nehru Report.
Nehru report 1928
Indian Muslims rejected the Nehru report

All sections of Muslims criticized the findings of Nehru Committee as most of

the Muslims demands were rejected in the Nehru report i.e.

The Nehru Report rejected the Separate Electorate and weightage for
Muslim 21 proposed federal form of government with minimum power for
the provinces and proportional representations for Muslims in central
legislature. It also recommended Hindi to be the national language of India.

Mohammad Ali Jinnah proposed few moderate amendments in Nehru Report

to make it acceptable for the Indian Muslims, which were
rejected by the Congress.
Muhammad ali Jinnah 14 point 1928
 Muhammad ali Jinnah 14 point 1928
In 1928 Pundit Moti Lal Nehru presented a resort which turned down all
the Muslims demand. On the reply of Nehru report, Mohammad Ali
Jinnah presented his famous fourteen points on March 28, 1929 in
Delhi. Since all the Muslims opposed the Nehru Report. It was to defend
the rights of the Muslims of the sub-continent in the future
Constitutional Reforms.
Muhammad ali Jinnah 14 point 1928
Provisions:

1) The form of the future Constitution should be federal with residuary powers
vested in the provinces.
2) A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
3. All legislature in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the
definite principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every
province without reducing the majority in any province to minority on ever, into
equality.
4) Representation of the communal groups shall continued to be by means of
separate electorate as at present, provided that it shell be open to any community
to abandon its separate electorate in favor of joint electorate.
5) Any territorial redistribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any
way, affect the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and North-West Frontier Provinces.
Lahore Resolution 1940
Lahore Resolution 1940
27 annual session of All India Muslim League was held from 22nd-24th
th

March at Minto Park Lahore under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam. On 23

March 1940 a historic resolution was moved by Maulvi A.K Fazlulhaq which
was seconded by Choudhry Khliquzzaman.
"The areas in which the Muslims are numerically in
majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of
India should be grouped to constitute. independent
states in which the constituent units shall be
autonomous and sovereign".
importance
The Lahore Resolution demanded separate homeland for the Indian
Muslims. The Lahore Resolution marked the beginning of
Pakistan Movement.
August offer of lord Linlithgow 1940
August offer of lord
Linlithgow 1940
British government wanted the co-operation of Indians especially Muslims
during the World War II. In August 1940, on the behalf of the British
Government Lord Linlinthgow the British viceroy announced:

1) To expand the Executive Council of Governor General by including more

Indian members from the Political Parties.
2) To set up a War Advisory council of Indians.
3) There would be no transfer of power to any party at present whose
authority is denied by any powerful element of Indian society.

Both All India Muslim League and Congress rejected the August offer.
Cripps mission 1942
 Cripps mission 1942

In 1942, British government faced some major military set back during the
Second World War; at that crucial stage it was difficult to make the war a
success without the cooperation of Indians. In 1942, Mr. Churchill, the
British Prime Minister, send a delegation under the leader ship of Stafford
Cripps to win the co-operation of Indians which. The mission arrived to
suggest the recommendations for the new reforms and to persuade the
Congress leader ship to support the war effort.
 Cripps mission 1942
The mission recommended:

1) Dominion status for India after the War.

2) Constituent Assembly would be formed immediately after the war to
frame the future Constitution of India.
3)Any province or state would be free to remain out of the proposed Indian
Federation.
4) Election would be held at the end of the war.
5) During the War British Government would retain control of the defense
of India.

Both Congress and Muslim League rejected the Cripps proposals.

Quit India movement
Quit India movement
In 1942 position of Great Britain was very weak during the World War II as
the Japanese Army advanced closer to India with the conquest of Burma.
The Cripps mission was an attempt in 1942 by the British government to
secure Indian cooperation and support for their war efforts. The mission was
headed by Sir Stafford Cripps.
Congress, which had observed the weak position of the British government
during the war did not want to offer any concession to the British; so it
decided to use that occasion to pressurize the government and demanded
immediate transfer of power to a Congress dominated body.
Gandhi regarded the proposals of Government as a "Post Dated Cheque on a
Failing Bank". Shortly after the departure of Cripps Mission Congress
launched the "Quit India Movement" which was accompanied with civil
disobedience Movement.
Quaid-e-Azam raised the slogan of "Divide and Quit" in answer to
Gandhi "Quit India”
Wavell plan
Wavell plan
After the Second World War Indian Independence was obvious for variety of
reasons In 1945 Lord Wavell the viceroy of India, announced a plan for the
transfer of power of India to its natives. To discuss the details of the plan lord
Wavell invited representatives from the various political parties in a
conference at Simla in 1945. Wavell plan;

1) An Executive Council would be established to act as an interim

government.
2) All portfolios would be given to Indians except defense and governor
general.
3) There would be parity of seats between Muslims and Hindus in the
proposed Executive Council.

Conference was ended on failure, on the issue of the nomination of

Muslim members of the proposed Executive Council.
Gandhi Jinnah talks
 Gandhi Jinnah talks
It was due to the efforts of Rajgopal Acharia, The Gandhi-Jinnah talks began in
Bombay between September 19th to 24th, 1944. The talks were held directly and
via correspondence.
Purpose of these talks was to seek out a settlement of Hindu-Muslim differences,
especially on the question of the separate homeland for the Indian Muslims.
The Gandhi Jinnah Talks were failed due to difference of opinion between both the
leaders. Gandhi was in opinion that Muslims had no right to call themselves a
separate nation whereas Jinnah was the stanch believer of Two Nation Theory.
Gandhi wanted transfer of Power first and settlement of Hindu Muslim differences
afterword whereas Jinnah wanted settlement of Hindu Muslim differences first and
transfer of Power afterword.
The Gandhi-Jinnah Talks were important with regard to the political problems of
India and the Pakistan Movement. Technically it was a victory for Al! India Muslim
League because when the Congress leader ship ready to negotiate with Muslim
League on equal footing. It meant they accepted Muslim League as being the
representative Party of Indian Muslims and Jinnah as their leader.
Cabinet mission
 Cabinet mission
In 1946 British Prime Minister Mr. Atlee send a mission that comprised of
the three members of the British cabinet, AV. Alexander, Pathic Lawrence
and Stafford Cripps. The Mission arrived in India to negotiate with the newly
elected Indian representatives about the constitution issue and formation
of an interim government.

The proposals;
1) There should be a union of India comprising British India and the princely
states.
2) Federal Government would deal with subjects of foreign affair, defense
and communication.
 Cabinet mission

The proposals;

3) India should be divided into three groups of provinces (Group A, B and

C).
4) Formation of an Interim government with any of the major parties of
India that accepted the entire plan

Initially Muslim League accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan and was
willing to nominate Muslim League member to serve in the Interim
Cabinet needed to oversee the transition to Independence.
Direct action day
 Direct action day
Quaid-e-Azam the leader of the Muslim League, had accepted the Cabinet
Mission Plan whereas the Congress rejected it initially.
Later on 10 July. Nehru held a press conference in Bombay declaring that
the Congress Party would not bound by the terms of the Cabinet Mission
Plan once the British had left and that any future independent Indian
government would not be bounded by it.
This statement destroyed any chance for the acceptance of the Cabinet
Mission Plan by All India Muslim League. Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad a
senior Muslim leader of Congress regarded the Nehru's statement as 'one
of those unfortunate events that change the course of History.'
The Council of the All India Muslim League met in Bombay and on July 27,
1946 it finally withdrew its earlier acceptance of the plan and called for a
'Direct Action Day' on 16th August 1946, to get rid of the British rule, and
for the purpose of establishing The separate Muslim state. Direct Action
Day was observed peacefully throughout India, except in Calcutta, where
riots broke out
General election of 1945
 General election of 1945
Elections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in 1945-
1946. These elections were important because political future of India
depending on the result of elections.
Muslim League managed to win all the 30 seats reserved for the Muslims
in central legislative and 427 seats out of 495 Muslim seats in the
provincial legislative.
Elections results proved that Muslim League, under the leadership of
Quaid-e-Azam, was the sole representative of the Muslims of the region.
Further the demand of a separate Muslim state had complete support of
Indian Muslims. Quaid-e-Azam said on this occasion;

"I have no doubt now in the achievement of Pakistan. The

Muslims of India told the world what they want. No power
of world can topple the opinion of10 crore
Muslims of India".
3 June plan 1947
rd
 3 June plan 1947
rd

Lord Mountbatten was sent in March 1947, to India as being the last
Viceroy. Lord Mountbatten made a plan for the independence of India.
The plan was eventually made public on 3rd June 1947.
Important provisions;
1) India would be divided into two independent states on the midnight of
14 and 15 August 1947.
2) Government of India Act 1935 would be modified to adopt as the
temporary constitution for both India and Pakistan.
3) Boundary Commission would be set up to demarcate the boundary
between India and Pakistan.
4) Military and financial assets would be divided between India and
Pakistan. Rulers of Princely States would be given option to join India
Pakistan or remain independent.