Kinemati

cs
Chapter
2
 Motion in
1-Dimension
Kinematics deals with the concepts that
are needed to describe motion.

Dynamics deals with the effect that forces

have on motion.

Together, kinematics and dynamics form

the branch of physics known as Mechanics.
1. KINEMATICS CONCEPTS

Position, x ( m)

The location of a particle (object) on the x-axis

xi 2m
o
x x
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 1
-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Displacement is defined as the change in position. It is a
vector that is directed from the initial to the final position.
 Distance,D ( m)

Distance is the measure of the length of the path taken

in going from an initial position to a final position. Distance
is a scalar quantity.

D = 530 m xf

x = 340 m
xi
 Average
Speed
Average speed is defined as the distance divided by the
time taken. Average speed is a scalar quantity.
 Average Velocity

Average velocity is defined as the displacement divided by th

ime taken. OR The change in position divided by the change
ime. Average velocity is a vector quantity.
 Example 1
An object moves from point A to point B in 3 s. The object
remains at B for 2s, before moving to point C in a time of 6 s
For the trip from A to C, determine the:
(i) distance travelled
(ii) displacement
(iii) average speed
(iv)average velocity
C o A B
x x
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 1
-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
= 0.91 m.s-1, left
 Instantaneous
Velocity
Instantaneous velocity is defined as the velocity of an objec
at a particular instant in time OR the change in position in
an infinitesimally small time interval. Instantaneous velocity
is a vector quantity.

Instantaneous Speed

Instantaneous speed is defined as the magnitude of the

instantaneous velocity. It is a scalar quantity.
 Average Acceleration

Average acceleration is define as the change in velocity

divided by the change in time. It is a vector quantity.
 Applications of the Equations of
Kinematics

Reasoning Strategy
1. Make a drawing.

2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and negative

(-).

3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five kinematic
variables.

4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three of the
five kinematic variables. Select the appropriate equation.

5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that the

final velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the
next.

6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a

A car travelling at a constant velocity of 10 m.s-1 on a
straight road starts accelerating at 6m.s-2 as it passes
point A. Determine the time taken to travel from A to B.

A = 60 B=
m 260m
Simultaneous
Motion
A race driver has made a pitstop to refuel. After
refuelling, he leaves the pit area with an acceleration
whose magnitude is 6.0 m.s-2, and enters the main
speedway with a speed of 24 m.s-1. At the same
instant, another race car that is on the speedway and
travelling at a constant speed of 70.0 m.s-1 overtakes
and passes the entering car. If the entering car (A)
maintains its acceleration, how much time is required
for it to catch the other car (B)?
An unmarked police car traveling a constant
95 km/h is passed by a speeder traveling 135
km/h. Precisely 1.00s after the speeder
passes, the police officer steps on the
accelerator; if the police car’s acceleration is
2.60 m/s2, how much time passes before the
police car overtakes the speeder (assumed
moving at constant speed)?
4. FREE-FALLING BODIES
A moving object that has only the gravitational force
acting on it. All free falling bodies have an
acceleration,
which we call ‘g’, of 9.8 m.s-2 (downward) near the
earth’s surface.
The equations of motion are used to describe the
motion.
We will take the direction in which the object is
initially
moving in to be the positive direction.
A ball is projected vertically upward with a
velocity of 30 m/s from the top of a building. It
strikes the ground after 8s.

(i) Determine the height of the building.

(ii) Find the height of the ball relative to the
ground as
well as its velocity at t=2s and t=7s.
(iii) At what time will its velocity be 25 m/s
downward.
A rock accidentally falls from rest from the
side of a 60 m high building. When the rock is
20 m above the ground, a 1.85 m tall man
looks up and sees the rock directly above him.
Calculate the maximum amount of time the
man has to get out of the way and avoid the
impending danger?
A stone is dropped from the roof of a high building.
A
second stone is dropped 1.30s later. How far apart
are
the stones when the second one has reached a
speed of
12.0 m/s?
A cave explorer drops a stone from rest
into a hole. The speed of sound in air on
that day is 345 m/s, and the sound of the
stone hitting the bottom of the hole is
heard 3.50 s after the stone is dropped.
What is the dept of the hole?
 Motion in
2-Dimensions
Projectile Motion
A projectile is an object moving in two dimensions under
the influence of Earth’s gravity; its path is a parabola.

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 Projectile motion can
be understood by
analyzing the
horizontal and
vertical motions
separately.

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Education, Ltd.
 The speed in the x-direction is
constant; in the y-direction the
object moves with constant
acceleration g.
This photograph shows two balls
that start to fall at the same time.
The one on the right has an initial
speed in the x-direction. It can be
seen that vertical positions of the
two balls are identical at identical
times, while the horizontal position
of the yellow ball increases linearly.
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 If an object is launched at an initial angle of θ0 with the
horizontal, the analysis is similar except that the initial
velocity has a vertical component.

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Education, Ltd.
Solving Projectile Motion Problems
Projectile motion is motion with constant acceleration in
two dimensions, where the acceleration is g and is down.

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Education, Ltd.
Solving Projectile Motion Problems
1. Read the problem carefully, and choose the object(s)
you are going to analyze.
2. Draw a diagram.
3. Choose an origin and a coordinate system.
4. Decide on the time interval; this is the same in both
directions, and includes only the time the object is
moving with constant acceleration g.
5. Examine the x and y motions separately.

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 6. List known and unknown quantities. Remember that vx
never changes, and that vy = 0 at the highest point.
7. Plan how you will proceed. Use the appropriate
equations; you may have to combine some of them.

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 Driving off a cliff.
A movie stunt driver on a motorcycle speeds
horizontally off a 50.0-m-high cliff. How fast must the
motorcycle leave the cliff top to land on level ground
below, 90.0 m from the base of the cliff where the
cameras are? Ignore air resistance.

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(d) Calculate the velocity with which it strikes the ground.

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When Babe Ruth hit a homer over the 8.0-m-high
right-field fence 98 m from home plate,
roughly what was the minimum
speed of the ball when it left the bat?
Assume the ball was hit 1.0 m above
the ground and its path initially made
a 36° angle with the ground.

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Education, Ltd.
The End!