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Lecture 1

open channel hydraulics

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eng.manal2030
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24 views

Lecture 1

open channel hydraulics

Uploaded by

eng.manal2030
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Delta Higher Institute For Engineering and Technology

Civil Engineering Dept.


Hydraulics

HYDRAULIC
Lecture (1)
CONTENTS
Introduction -1
Specific Energy -2
Hydraulic Jump -3
Uniform flow -4
Gradually Varied Flow -5
Fluid Properties -6
Bernoulli Equation -7
Losses in Pipe -8 Weirs -9
Pipe Networks -10
CHAPTER (1)
INTRODUCTION
 The flow of water in a conduit may be either open
channel flow or pipe flow.
Types of open channel flows
Open channel flow can be characterized with
respect to time
- Steady flow: depth, velocity and discharge of

flow are constant with time.


dy/dt =0, dv/dt = 0
- Unsteady Flow: depth, velocity and discharge

of flow are not constant with time.


dy/dt≠0, dv/dt ≠0
Open channel flow can be characterized with
respect to space
- Uniform Flow: depth, velocity and discharge
of flow are constant at every section of flow.
dy/dx =0, dv/dx = 0
- Non uniform Flow: depth, velocity and
discharge of flow vary along the flow.
dy/dx ≠0, dv/dx ≠0
Rapidly Varied Flow: if the depth
changes abruptly over short distance
Examples: hydraulic jump, hydraulic drop
and flow under a sluice gate
Gradually Varied Flow: if the depth
changes slowly over long distance.
Examples: flow over a mild slope
Channel Geometry
A channel built with constant cross section
and constant bottom slope is called a
PRISMATIC CHANNEL.
Otherwise, the channel is
NONPRISMATIC
Geometric Elements of Channel Section

THE TOP WIDTH, T,


is the width of the channel section at the free surface.
THE WATER AREA, A,
is the cross-sectional area of the flow normal to the
direction of flow.
THE WETTED PERIMETER, P
is the length of the line of intersection of the
channel wetted surface with a cross-sectional
plane normal to the direction of flow.
THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS,
R = A/P, is the ratio of the water area to its
wetted perimeter.
THE HYDRAULIC DEPTH,
D = A/T, is the ratio of the water area to the
top width.
State of Flow:
The behavior of open channel flow is governed
basically by the viscosity and gravity effect relative to
inertia forces of the flow.
Froude number: represents the effect of
gravity relative to inertia.
Fr 1 Sub-critical flow
V
Fr  Fr 1 Critical flow
gL Fr 1 Super critical flow
Effect of Viscosity:
Reynolds number: represents the effect of viscosity
relative to inertia.
Laminar flow
VL , Re 500
Re 
 500  R  2000 Transition flow
e

Re  2000 Turbulent flow


Regimes of flow
A combined effect of viscosity and gravity
may produce any one of the following four
regimes of flow
a) Subcritical- Laminar Fr<1, Re<500
b) Supercritical- Laminar Fr>1, Re<500
c) Supercritical- Turbulent Fr>1, Re>2000
d) Subcritical-Turbulent Fr<1, Re>2000
Example:
An open channel has a trapezoidal section,
2.0 m wide and 2:1 side slope. Determine
the state of flow (subcritical, critical or
supercritical), if the discharge is 12.0
m3/sec and water depth is 1.5 m.
Solution:
UNIFORM FLOW COMPUTATION
Manning’s Equation:
1 2 3 12
V  R S
n

Chezy’s Equation:

V C RS
 Relationship
between Manning coefficient
and Chezy coefficient:
Example:
For the compound channel shown in the Figure,
determine the discharge for a depth of flow
1.20 m. n = 0.02, S0 = 0.0002.
Solution:
Determine the flow rate of the following Figure if the
longitudinal slope 0.005 and Manning’s coefficient 0.028.
repeat the problem if Chezy coefficient 70.
Determine the flow rate of the following Figure if the
longitudinal slope 0.0008 and Manning’s coefficient
0.028.

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