Evolution and Advancements in

Data Storage Systems

Exploring the Progression of Storage Technologies and
Solutions
 Overview of Storage Options 01
TABLE OF
Evolution of Data Storage Systems 02
CONTENTS Advancements in Memory Storage Devices 03
Evolution of Hard Disks and Magnetic Tape 04
LTO Tape Cartridges and Storage Alternatives 05
Storage Building Blocks in Servers 06
Disk Drive Command Sets 07
Types of Disk Drives and SSDs 08
Advantages and Disadvantages of SSD Disks 09
Increase in Disk Capacity Over Time 10
Importance of Tape Storage and Archiving 11
Tape Libraries and Virtual Tape Libraries 12
Controllers in Storage Systems 13
Logical Disk Configurations and RAID Solutions 14
RAID 0 and RAID 1 Configurations 15
 RAID 1 and RAID 10 Configurations 16
TABLE OF
RAID 10 and RAID 5 Performance Comparison 17
CONTENTS RAID 6 for Double Disk Failure Protection 18
Data Deduplication in Storage Systems 19
Cloning and Snapshotting in Enterprise Storage 20
Snapshots, Thin Provisioning, and DAS 21
DAS vs. SAN Systems 22
Host Bus Adapters and Disk Capacities in SANs 23
Fibre Channel Technology and Topologies 24
Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) Technology 25
FCoE vs. iSCSI Storage Networking 26
SAN vs. NAS Systems 27
Clustered NAS and Object Storage 28
Object Storage and Software-Defined Storage (SDS) 29
Software-Defined Storage (SDS) Features 30
 Storage Availability and Redundancy 31
TABLE OF
Replication Methods and Backup Importance 32
CONTENTS Backup Strategies and Data Retention 33
Archiving Data for Compliance and Regulation 34
Long-Term Data Storage Considerations 35
Storage Performance and Disk Mechanics 36
Disk Performance Measurement and IOPS 37
IOPS Comparison for Different Disks 38
RAID Performance Considerations 39
Disk Interface Speeds and Caching Systems 40
Cache Importance in Disk Systems 41
Storage Tiering and Information Lifecycle Management 42
Challenges of Automated Tiering in Storage 43
Storage Security and Data Encryption 44
Disk and Tape Encryption Methods 45
 SAN Zoning and Disk Access Control 46
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Overview of Storage Options

Overview of Storage Options SAS Disks

SATA Disks: High-end disks with faster rotational speeds
(10,000 or 15,000 rpm).
Low-cost, ideal for bulk storage
applications. Better error correction capabilities
compared to SATA disks.
Used in PCs, laptops, and archiving due to
low cost per gigabyte.

NL-SAS Disks Solid State Drives (SSDs)

Combine SAS interface with SATA Based on flash technology, no moving parts
mechanics for bulk storage. for high performance.

Lower energy consumption and cost- Faster data access compared to mechanical
effective for storing large amounts of data. disks (microseconds vs. milliseconds).

All-flash arrays preferred for high-

demanding OLTP systems.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Evolution of Data Storage Systems

Mechanical and Solid-State
Early Storage Systems Disks Solid-State Drives (SSDs)

Utilized punched cards and Introduction of mechanical Based on flash technology,

paper tape for data storage. hard disks and SSD disks. provide high performance
due to their lack of moving
Drum memory, a magnetic SATA disks are cost-effective parts.
read/write storage system, and suitable for bulk storage
was prominent in the 1950s applications. All-flash arrays using SSD
and 1960s. disks are preferred for
SAS disks offer high-end demanding OLTP systems.
performance with better error
correction capabilities.

NL-SAS disks combine SAS

interface with SATA
mechanics for bulk storage
needs.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Advancements in Memory Storage

Devices

Advancements in Memory Storage Devices

Introduction of Solid State Drives (SSDs) based on flash technology for
high performance.
Evolution from mechanical hard disks to SSDs for faster data access and
reliability.
Implementation of SATA disks for low-cost bulk storage applications.
Integration of Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) disks for high-end performance
with better error correction capabilities.
Use of Near-Line SAS (NL-SAS) disks combining SAS interface with SATA
mechanics for bulk storage efficiency.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Evolution of Hard Disks and Magnetic

Tape

Evolution of Hard Disks Magnetic Tape Systems

Hard disks have evolved over the years due to Magnetic tape systems like the IBM 726 were
advancements in magnetic density, rotation early storage solutions, storing large amounts
speed, and seek times. of data on reel tapes.

The physical size of hard disks has decreased Transition from reel tapes to cartridges like
while their capacity has increased DLT and LTO has allowed for storing vast
significantly. amounts of data efficiently.

The fundamental design of hard disks remains The most recent version of LTO, version 7
unchanged, with improvements in released in 2015, can hold up to 6 TB of data.
performance and efficiency.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

LTO Tape Cartridges and Storage Alternatives

Tape Library Redundancy and Data
LTO Tape Cartridges Cost-Effective Storage Tape Throughput
Automation Replication

LTO tape cartridges are LTO tape cartridges Typical tape throughput Tape libraries, also To increase availability,
a popular choice with provide a cost-effective ranges from 100 to 150 known as tape silos or redundancy, and data
over 80% market share storage solution for MB/s, with tape drives tape robots, automate replication methods
and can store up to 6 large amounts of data, capable of even higher tape handling by like synchronous and
TB of uncompressed especially for archiving speeds. containing tape drives, asynchronous
data. purposes. slots for tape replication can be used
cartridges, and a with LTO tape
method for loading cartridges.
tapes.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Storage Building Blocks in Servers

Storage Building Blocks in Servers

Servers can utilize internal storage exclusively, but most incorporate
external storage, sometimes in combination with internal storage.
A model of storage building blocks is depicted in Figure 59, with each
block detailed in subsequent sections.
Two types of disks commonly used today are mechanical hard disks and
SSD disks, connected to disk controllers via a command set based on ATA
or SCSI.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Disk Drive Command Sets

Disk Drive Connections ATA-based Command Sets

Disk drives are connected to disk Commonly used for mechanical hard disks.
controllers using a command set, typically
based on ATA or SCSI interfaces. Offer ease of implementation.

Impact of Command Set

SCSI-based Command Sets Choice
Preferred for high-end disks like SAS. Impacts disk performance.

Provide advanced error recovery and Affects reliability and error correction
reporting functionalities. capabilities.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Types of Disk Drives and SSDs

SATA Disks mechanics

Low-cost Used for bulk storage due to lower

energy consumption
Ideal for bulk storage applications
Commonly used in PCs and laptops SSDs
Solid State Drives based on flash
SAS Disks technology
High-end Offer high performance
Faster rotational speeds No moving parts
Better error correction capabilities
than SATA disks

NL-SAS Disks
Combine SAS interface with SATA
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Advantages and Disadvantages of SSD

Disks

Advantages of SSD Disks Disadvantages of SSD Disks

SSDs consume less power, reducing heat Higher price per gigabyte compared to
generation and vibrations. mechanical disks.

SSDs have no moving parts, leading to Limited rewrite lifespan due to the nature of
increased durability and reliability. flash memory.

SSDs offer significantly faster data access SSDs with MLC architecture have longer
compared to mechanical disks. access times compared to SLC.

All-flash arrays using SSDs are preferred for Data loss risk in case of power failure if not
high-demanding OLTP systems due to high equipped with proper backup mechanisms.
performance.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Increase in Disk Capacity Over Time

Evolution of Disk Capacity

Disk capacity has significantly increased over the years due to
advancements in technology.
The physical size of hard disks has decreased while their storage capacity
has grown.
Advancements in magnetic density, rotation speed, and seek times have
contributed to the increase in disk capacity.
From the 1960s to the present day, there has been a remarkable
1,000,000,000 times increase in storage capacity.
The evolution of hard disks has seen improvements in mechanics and
design, leading to higher storage capabilities.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Importance of Tape Storage and Archiving

Durability and Disaster
Cost-Effective Archiving LTO Tape Cartridges Performance Automation
Recovery

Tape storage is a cost- Tapes have a long life LTO tape cartridges, Typical tape throughput Tape libraries automate
effective option for expectancy and are with a market share of ranges from 100 to 150 tape handling,
archiving large suitable for offsite over 80%, can store up MB/s, with interface containing tape drives,
amounts of data. storage to protect data to 6 TB of data. speeds supporting even slots for tape
in case of disasters. higher speeds. cartridges, and a
method for loading
tapes.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Tape Libraries and Virtual Tape Libraries

Tape Libraries Virtual Tape Libraries (VTLs)

Tape Libraries store multiple tapes, such as VTLs use disks to store backups and emulate
LTO tapes, with significant storage capacities traditional tape devices and formats.
like 5 TB per tape.
VTLs combine high-performance disk-based
backup and restore with familiar backup
applications, standards, processes, and
policies.

VTL solutions typically utilize NL-SAS or SATA

disk arrays for cost-effectiveness and
efficiency.

VTLs provide multiple virtual tape drives for

parallel tape handling, enhancing backup and
restore operations.

Data stored on VTL disk arrays can be

exported to other media, like physical tapes,
for disaster recovery purposes.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Controllers in Storage Systems

Controllers in Storage Systems

Controllers in storage systems play a crucial role in managing data flow
between the host system and storage devices.
These controllers are responsible for tasks such as data transfer, error
checking, and ensuring data integrity.
They communicate with storage devices using specific protocols like SATA
or SCSI, depending on the type of disk being used.
Controllers help optimize storage performance by efficiently handling read
and write operations, improving overall system efficiency.
Different types of controllers are used based on the storage media being
utilized, ensuring compatibility and seamless data management.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Logical Disk Configurations and RAID

Solutions

Logical Disk Configurations RAID Solutions

Involve grouping physical disks into RAID Offer high data availability and
arrays for increased availability and performance improvements through
performance. redundant disks.

RAID Levels RAID Implementation

RAID 0 (Striping) Can be implemented in hardware or
software in a server's operating system for
RAID 1 (Mirroring) data redundancy and performance
optimization.
RAID 10 (Striping and Mirroring)

RAID 5 (Striping with distributed parity)

RAID 6 (Striping with distributed double

parity)
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

RAID 0 and RAID 1 Configurations

RAID 0 RAID 1
RAID 0, also known as striping, provides a RAID 1, known as mirroring, enhances data
way to increase performance by using redundancy by creating an exact copy of
multiple disks where data is split across data on two separate disks simultaneously.
them for faster read and write operations.
RAID 1 prioritizes data redundancy and
RAID 0 focuses on performance fault tolerance, ensuring data integrity even
improvement but lowers data availability as if one disk fails.
all data is lost if one disk fails.
RAID 1 is ideal for applications where data
RAID 0 is suitable for applications where protection is a priority.
performance is critical.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

RAID 1 and RAID 10 Configurations

RAID 10 (Striping and
RAID 1 (Mirroring) Mirroring) Common Use Cases

Involves creating an exact Combines the features of Used in environments where

copy (or mirror) of data on RAID 1 and RAID 0 (Striping data integrity and
two or more disks. and Mirroring). performance are crucial.

Provides data redundancy as Mirrors data for redundancy Commonly used in database
data is written to both disks and stripes it for servers and critical
simultaneously. performance. applications.

Requires at least two disks, Requires a minimum of four

where each disk contains the disks, where data is mirrored
same data. across two sets of disks and
then striped for performance.
In case one disk fails, the
system can continue to Offers a balance between
operate using the mirrored data protection and speed.
disk.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

RAID 10 and RAID 5 Performance

Comparison

RAID 10 RAID 5
Combines striping and mirroring for improved Utilizes striping with distributed parity to
performance and redundancy. balance performance and data protection.

Offers higher redundancy and fault tolerance Provides a good balance between
compared to RAID 5. performance and storage efficiency.

Requires more disk space due to mirroring. More storage-efficient compared to RAID 10.

Better suited for high-performance Suitable for general-purpose storage needs.

applications.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

RAID 6 for Double Disk Failure Protection

RAID 6 Overview Fault Tolerance Performance Considerations

RAID 6 provides double disk This RAID level can withstand The additional parity
failure protection by utilizing the failure of up to two disks information in RAID 6 increases
distributed double parity across simultaneously without data data protection but comes at
the disks. loss. the cost of slightly reduced
write performance compared to
In RAID 6, data is striped across RAID 6 offers a higher level of RAID 5.
multiple disks, and parity fault tolerance compared to
information is distributed across RAID 5, making it suitable for
all disks for redundancy. critical data storage
environments.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Data Deduplication in Storage Systems

Data Deduplication in Storage
Systems Benefits of Data Deduplication
Data deduplication identifies and replaces Particularly beneficial in environments with
duplicate data with pointers to save disk high data redundancy, such as backup
space. systems and virtualized environments.

Optimizes storage capacity by eliminating Leads to cost savings and improved storage
redundant data blocks and improving performance by reducing redundant data.
efficiency.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Cloning and Snapshotting in Enterprise

Storage
Cloning and Snapshotting in Benefits of Cloning and
Enterprise Storage Snapshotting
Cloning involves creating a full copy of a Cloning is useful for creating backups without
disk. affecting the original data.

Snapshotting captures a specific point in Snapshotting allows for reverting to older

time of the data on disks. data easily.

Snapshots have the advantage of instant

availability and minimal additional disk space
usage compared to cloning.

Thin Provisioning Direct Attached Storage (DAS)

Thin provisioning enables allocating more DAS is commonly used in PCs.
storage capacity to users than physically
installed. It provides local disk storage directly
attached to the server.
It closely monitors actual storage needs
and adds physical disk space only when
necessary.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Snapshots, Thin Provisioning, and DAS

Direct Attached Storage

Snapshots Thin Provisioning
(DAS)

Provide instant availability Allows for allocating more Commonly used in PCs
storage capacity to users than
Minimal additional disk space physically installed Used for local disk storage
usage compared to cloning
Optimizes storage usage
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

DAS vs. SAN Systems

Direct Attached Storage (DAS) Storage Area Network (SAN)

DAS is a storage system where dedicated SAN is a specialized storage network that
disks connect to a controller via SAS or SATA connects servers to disk controllers using
protocols. technologies like Fibre Channel or iSCSI.

Provides disk blocks to the computer for file Offers virtual disks to servers in the form of
storage. LUNs.

Commonly used for boot devices and caching LUNs are only accessible to the server with
in servers. that specific LUN mounted.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Host Bus Adapters and Disk Capacities in SANs

Host Bus Adapters High-Speed Data Enterprise Scalability of SAN Disk
Disk Capacities in SANs
(HBAs) Transfers Environments Capacities

Crucial components in HBAs ensure high- Vary depending on SANs with large disk Allows for seamless
Storage Area Networks speed data transfers requirements capacities are expansion
(SANs) between servers and commonly used
storage devices in SAN Options range from Accommodates
Facilitate the environments terabytes to petabytes Store vast amounts of growing storage
connection between data securely and requirements over time
servers and disk Accommodate diverse efficiently
controllers storage needs
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Fibre Channel Technology and

Topologies
Fibre Channel Technology multiple devices to share a single
loop connection.
Fibre Channel technology provides
high-speed data transfer
capabilities for storage networks. Switched Fabric Topology
Fibre Channel supports various Switched fabric topology uses
topologies, including point-to-point, switches to create a network where
arbitrated loop, and switched devices can communicate
fabric. simultaneously.

Point-to-Point Topology Impact and Importance

Point-to-point topology connects Fibre Channel topologies impact
two devices directly for a dedicated network performance, scalability,
link. and fault tolerance.
Understanding Fibre Channel
Arbitrated Loop Topology technology and topologies is crucial
for designing efficient storage
Arbitrated loop topology allows infrastructures.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)

Technology

Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) Overview

FCoE is a switching technology that does not involve routing and requires
specialized switches.
FCoE is typically implemented gradually, starting with the host and switch
layers, while back-end storage arrays continue to run native Fibre Channel.
FCoE enables the connection of Fibre Channel storage networks to
Ethernet networks.
It provides a cost-effective alternative to traditional Fibre Channel setups.
FCoE allows for the convergence of storage and data networks, simplifying
infrastructure and reducing costs.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

FCoE vs. iSCSI Storage Networking

FCoE (Fibre Channel over iSCSI (Internet Small Computer
Ethernet) System Interface)
Switching technology that does not involve Allows the SCSI protocol to run over
routing and requires specialized switches. Ethernet LANs using TCP/IP.

Typically implemented gradually, starting Provides a cost-effective alternative to Fibre

with the host and switch layers, while back- Channel and does not require specialized
end storage arrays continue to run native network infrastructure like Fibre Channel.
Fibre Channel.
Uses TCP/IP protocols and well-known SCSI
commands.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

SAN vs. NAS Systems

SAN (Storage Area NAS (Network Attached Technologies and Redundancy and Load File Handling and
Network) Storage) Protocols Balancing Services

Operates at the disk Offers a shared SAN uses technologies NAS systems typically NAS has knowledge
block level, providing filesystem accessible like Fibre Channel or provide redundancy, about the files it stores,
exclusive access to disk by multiple servers, iSCSI for server-to-disk load balancing, and enabling optimized file
blocks for individual allowing for centralized controller connections. data replication handling and file-level
servers. file storage. services, freeing up services like snapshot
NAS uses protocols like operating systems from and clone technology.
SMB/CIFS or NFS over these tasks.
TCP/IP.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Clustered NAS and Object Storage

Clustered NAS Object Storage

Utilizes a distributed file system across Manages data as objects with unique
multiple servers to provide unified access to identifiers and metadata, accessed through a
files. REST API over HTTP.

Simplifies data location and enables massive

scalability, suitable for static data like backups
and archives.

High availability is achieved through

replication across multiple servers and
locations.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Object Storage and Software-Defined

Storage (SDS)
Object Storage
Manages data as objects with
unique identifiers and metadata.
Uses a REST API over HTTP for data
retrieval and storage.
Simplifies data location and
enables massive scalability.

Software-Defined Storage
(SDS)
Abstracts storage resources and
provides centralized management.
Allows for flexible storage
allocation and automated data
management.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Software-Defined Storage (SDS) Features

Virtualizes Physical Storage Data Services

Transforms physical storage into a shared Deduplication
storage pool. Compression

Caching

Snapshotting

Cloning

Virtualized Data Storage Pools APIs for Management

Provides required performance, availability, and Provision storage pools
security based on policies.
Set availability, security, and performance levels

Monitor and manage storage consumption

Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Storage Availability and Redundancy

Redundancy and Data Redundant Multiple Storage Storage Replication
Multipathing
Replication Components in SAN Systems Methods

Redundancy and data Components like HBAs Multipathing involves Further redundancy can Storage replication
replication are essential and switches in a SAN using multiple paths be achieved by utilizing methods, such as
for increasing the can be redundantly between HBAs and SAN multiple storage synchronous and
availability of storage installed to enhance switches, enabling systems, sometimes in asynchronous
systems. availability. automatic failover in different locations. replication, play a
case of a failure. crucial role in ensuring
data availability and
protection in case of
disasters.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Replication Methods and Backup

Importance
Importance of Replication secondary storage
Methods Reduces latency
Ensures data redundancy Risks data loss if primary storage
fails
Enhances data availability in
storage systems
Role of Backups
Synchronous Replication Essential for data restoration in
case of loss, corruption, or disaster
Completes write operations on
primary and secondary storage Serves as a last resort to protect
before confirmation organizational data
Ensures data synchronization
Minimizes data loss
Backups vs. Archiving
Backups focus on data loss
protection
Asynchronous Replication
Archiving is for long-term data
Allows immediate write
storage compliance with
confirmation without waiting for
regulations
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Backup Strategies and Data Retention

Implementing Regular
Purpose of Backups Backups vs. Archiving Timeliness of Backups Restoring Backups
Backups

Crucial for data Serve as a last resort to Backups are for data Timely backups are Acts as a time
protection and recovery restore data to a loss protection. recommended. machine.
in case of data loss, previous state.
corruption, or disasters. Archiving is for long- Data copies typically Allows organizations to
Essential for term data storage relevant for disaster retrieve lost data and
safeguarding compliance. recovery within a few maintain operational
organizational weeks of creation. continuity.
information.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Archiving Data for Compliance and

Regulation
Importance of Data Industry-Specific
Ensuring Data Integrity
Archiving Requirements
Archiving data is crucial for Various industries, such as Archived data should be
compliance and regulation healthcare and justice read-only to prevent any
purposes. departments, have specific alterations and ensure data
data retention requirements. integrity.
Noncompliance with laws and
regulations can lead to Entities like pension and Encryption and digital
severe consequences like insurance companies, signatures are used to
fines and even jail time. hospitals, and government maintain the integrity of
archives require long-term archived data.
data archiving.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Long-Term Data Storage Considerations

Guaranteeing Long-Term
Readability Open Standards for Archiving
Ensure data can be accessed after decades Store data in structured, human-readable
by preserving digital and physical formats formats like XML text files to ensure future
in suitable storage environments. readability using emulation software if
needed.

Transfer to Latest Storage

Media Uncertainty of Optical Media
Consider transferring data to the latest Optical media like CDs and DVDs may face
storage media standard every 10 years to readability challenges over time,
maintain accessibility and prevent data necessitating data transfer to newer
loss. storage formats or creating fresh copies
regularly.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Storage Performance and Disk Mechanics

Disk Performance High-end vs Low-end Optimizing Storage Load Optimization

Operations per Second
Importance Disks Performance Strategies

Disk performance is a High-end and low-end High-end disks with Understanding the Different types of
critical aspect often disks differ in rotation faster rotation speeds mechanics of a disk is operations, such as
overlooked in IT speed, seek times, and and head movement essential for optimizing random writes/reads
systems, impacting interface protocol, mechanics can produce storage performance, and sequential writes,
overall system affecting their ability to more operations per especially in terms of require specific load
performance read and write data second compared to read and write optimization strategies
significantly. efficiently. low-end disks. operations. for improved storage
efficiency.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Disk Performance Measurement and IOPS

Disk Performance
Measuring Disk Importance of Impact of Higher Impact of Higher
and System
Performance IOPS IOPS IOPS
Efficiency
Disk performance is Disk performance is IOPS is a key metric to Higher IOPS indicate Higher IOPS indicate
crucial for overall measured in IOPS - assess the speed and faster data read and faster data read and
system efficiency. Input/Output Operations responsiveness of disk write operations. write operations.
Per Second. systems.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

IOPS Comparison for Different Disks

Mechanical Hard Disks SSD Disks SATA Disks SAS Disks NL-SAS Disks

Lower IOPS due to Higher IOPS due to lack Lower IOPS compared Higher IOPS than SATA Combine SAS interface
slower rotation speeds of moving parts and to SAS and SSDs, disks with faster with SATA mechanics
and seek times faster data access. suitable for bulk rotational speeds. for bulk storage.
compared to SSDs. storage applications.
Can provide thousands Can deliver hundreds Provide moderate IOPS,
Typically offer around to tens of thousands of Offer around 50-100 to thousands of IOPS typically in the range of
75-100 IOPS for IOPS for random reads IOPS for random reads for random reads and 100-200 for random
random reads and and writes. and writes. writes. reads and writes.
writes.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

RAID Performance Considerations

RAID Performance Considerations

Consider the RAID level carefully to balance between performance and
data redundancy.
RAID 0 offers increased performance but at the cost of lower data
availability in case of disk failure.
RAID 1 provides mirroring for data redundancy, ensuring data integrity but
with a slight performance impact.
RAID 5 combines striping and distributed parity for a good balance of
performance and fault tolerance.
RAID 6 offers double distributed parity, providing protection against two
disk failures but with a slight performance trade-off.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Disk Interface Speeds and Caching

Systems

Disk Interface Speeds Caching Systems

Ultra-320: 320 MB/s Read-cache: Acts as a buffer for reads,
serving data multiple times from cache.
SAS 1.5 Gbit/s: 192 MB/s
Write-cache: Operates in write-through or
3 Gbit/s: 384 MB/s write-back mode, optimizing write
processes.
6 Gbit/s: 768 MB/s
Automated tiering: Utilizes algorithms to
FC 1 Gbit/s: 128 MB/s
optimize tier placement based on file
access times and ownership.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Cache Importance in Disk Systems

Role of Cache in Disk Information Lifecycle
Types of Cache Automated Tiering Storage Tiering
Systems Management (ILM)

Improves performance Read-cache for web Optimizes storage by Creates a hierarchy of Manages data from
through data buffering servers. moving data to the storage media based creation to archiving or
for reads and writes. most suitable storage on cost, performance, deletion based on
Write-cache for medium. and availability needs. value and organization
databases. policies.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Storage Tiering and Information

Lifecycle Management
Storage Tiering Backups

Involves creating a hierarchy of Archived data

storage media based on cost,
performance requirements, and Challenges
availability needs.
Managing multiple tiers
Information Lifecycle Categorizing data for tier
Management (ILM) placement

Manages data from creation to Ensuring efficient tier management

archiving or deletion based on
value and organization policies. Automated Tiering
Optimizes storage by automatically
Different Tiers of Storage moving data to the most suitable
Production data storage medium based on usage
patterns.
Seldom used data
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Challenges of Automated Tiering in

Storage
Automated Tiering in Storage Load Optimization and Storage
Systems Configurations
Automated tiering in storage systems may Load optimization is crucial for storage
not always work as expected in practice. performance, especially in scenarios like
random writes/reads and sequential writes.
Challenges arise when performance tests
lead to uncertain results due to data Specific storage configurations
moving to the fastest tier at the end of the recommended by vendors, such as Oracle
test. suggesting RAID 1 and 5 for database
performance optimization.
Automated tiering represents the optimal
past tiering situation, which may not be
optimal in the present.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Storage Security and Data Encryption

Storage Security Data Encryption Access Control Compliance
Security Monitoring
Importance Methods Measures Requirements

Ensuring data Utilizing encryption Implementing role- Adhering to data Continuous monitoring
confidentiality, algorithms to secure based access controls protection regulations for unauthorized access
integrity, and data at rest and in and authentication and industry standards. and potential threats.
availability. transit. mechanisms.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

Disk and Tape Encryption Methods

Importance of Disk Encryption Common Disk Encryption Methods

Disk encryption methods are crucial for Common disk encryption methods include
securing data on storage devices. BitLocker, FileVault, and VeraCrypt.

Encryption helps protect sensitive information

from unauthorized access.

Encryption Algorithms Added Security

Encryption algorithms like AES are used to Disk encryption adds a layer of security in case
scramble data, making it unreadable without the of theft or unauthorized access.
decryption key.
Evolution and Advancements in Data Storage Systems

SAN Zoning and Disk Access Control

SAN Zoning Disk Access Control Importance in Enterprise Settings

SAN Zoning is a method used to Disk Access Control involves setting Implementing SAN Zoning and Disk
partition a Storage Area Network (SAN) permissions and restrictions on who can Access Control is crucial for maintaining
into multiple zones to control access and access specific disks or disk resources a secure and efficient storage
improve security. within a SAN environment. environment in enterprise settings.

SAN Zoning helps in isolating different Disk Access Control ensures that only
parts of the SAN to prevent authorized users or systems can read
unauthorized access and ensure data from or write to specific disks,
integrity. enhancing data protection.