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Capacitors

This slides has descriptive basic details on capacitors. This slide can sharp the students basic knowledge on capacitors.

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freddymercuryomar
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115 views22 pages

Capacitors

This slides has descriptive basic details on capacitors. This slide can sharp the students basic knowledge on capacitors.

Uploaded by

freddymercuryomar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CAPACITOR

S
Reference: Chapter-6, Book by Alexander,
Sadiku
Slide Courtesy: Dr. M. Rezwan Khan

1
ACTIVE & PASSIVE ELEMENTS
 An active element is the element that is
capable of generating energy. Examples:
Generators, Batteries, Op amp.
 Passive elements are the elements that can’t

generate energy. Examples: Resistors,


Capacitors, and Inductors.

2
LECTURE CONTENTS
 Capacitor
 Capacitance

 Voltage and current relationship of a

Capacitor
 Parallel Plate Capacitor

 Capacitor in parallel and series.

3
CAPACITOR
 A passive energy storage element which stores electrical
energy in its Electric Field
 Typically Composed of two conductive plates separated by
insulator (or Dielectric)
 Variety of types, sizes and shapes

A Typical Capacitor Symbol of Capacitor


CAPACITOR

 Types of capacitors
Fig.1
 The dielectric material determines
the type of capacitor

 Common types of capacitors are:


Mica, Ceramic , Plastic film Capacitors
and are used in AC circuits (Fig.2)
Fig.2
 Some capacitors like electrolytic
capacitors are polarized, they can
only be connected one way around
and used in DC only. Their terminal
polarities are marked on the capacitor 5
(Fig.3)
Fig.3
CAPACITANCE AND CHARGE STORAGE
IN A CAPACITOR C

 A capacitor in a circuit is denoted by ‘C’


 When connected to a voltage source V, current
-Q +Q
flows and the plates get charged. In the figure
below, both the +ve and –ve plates are charged
with+Q and –Q charges respectively
 Capacitance is the charge storing capacity of a
capacitor and is defined as - +
C = Q/V ……..(1)
Where Q is the charge in the positive plate and V V
is the voltage between the plates of the capacitor I
 Caution: A capacitor can hold charges at a high
voltage for a very long time (days). So, never
touch the terminals of a high voltage capacitor
before you discharge it by shorting the 6
terminals
CAPACITANCE

 From the relation C=Q/V , we can see that


the value of capacitance C will be large if Q is
large for a given value of voltage V
 Unit of capacitance is Farad(F). But 1 farad

is a very big capacitor. So, smaller units of


capacitance values are normally used, such as
µF (10-6 F), nF (10-9 F) or pF (10-12 F).
 A capacitor is rated by its capacitance value
and the operating voltage, example: 10 µF,
250V AC, 50/60Hz; 15 µF, 300V DC etc. A
capacitor with a certain voltage rating should
7
not be used at a higher voltage.
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A
CAPACITOR
 In general, three factors
determine the value of
Capacitance

The Surface Area of the plates A

The Spacing between the plates


d

The Permittivity of the dielectric


material in between the plates ε
 Value of capatitance is give
by 8

C= εA/d …..(2)
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A CAPACITOR…

 Look at the relation C= εA/d


 Capacitance is proportional to plate area, A
 Capacitance is inversely proportional to
distance between plates d
 Capacitance is directly proportional to the
dielectric constant or Permittivity of the dielectric
material in between the plates , ε. Different
materials have different values of ε.

 To increase the value of capacitor we may


increase A, decrease d or use a dielectric
material in between the plates that has a
9
higher value of ε
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A CAPACITOR…

 In the last slide we have seen how we can increase


or decrease the value of capacitance. Now the
question comes – how can we determine the
voltage rating of a capacitor?

 When the plates are placed very close to each


other, i.e., value of d is small, the capacitor may
not withstand high voltage and an internal spark
may take place that will damage the capacitor.
Increasing the distance d (using the same dielectric
material) would increase the voltage rating. So, the
voltage rating of a capacitor is determined by the
distance between the plates. This is why high 10
voltage capacitors are larger in size.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT OF A
CAPACITOR -Q +Q

 We have already discussed the


charge-voltage relationship of a capacitor
- +
given as
C=Q/V or , Q = CV V(t)
 The applied voltage V may vary with time, so Q will also
vary with time (for a capacitor C if V is increased, Q will
also increase so that Q/V remains the same). So, we
write Q and V as time varying quantity,

Q(t) = C V(t)…………..(3)

 Differentiating both sides of equation (1) with respect to


t we get,
11
……(4)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT OF A
-Q +Q
CAPACITOR

Eq.4 shows that if there is any change in


voltage then charge in the capacitor plates

- +

will also change. Hence, we rewrite eq.4 V(t)

……(5)
This relationship shows that to get any current
in a capacitor there has to be a change in
voltage. If the voltage remains fixed, then the
current flow is zero. As per eq.5, when voltage
V is fixed dV(t)/dt is zero and there is no
current flow. So,in dc voltage, capacitor current
is 0. Therefore, capacitor acts like a open 12
circuit in dc.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT OF A
-Q +Q
CAPACITOR

 Eq. 5 as follows - +

V(t)
 Integrating both sides of above equation with
respect to t we get,
+ Vo …….(6)

 The energy stored in a capacitor -


W=

13
MATHEMATICAL EXAMPLES
 What is the voltage across a 4.5-μF capacitor if the
charge on one plate is 0.12 mC? How much energy
is stored?
Answer:
C = 4.5uF
Q = 0.12mC
C=
Voltage, V = 26.67 V
Energy, W=
= *4.5*10^-6*(26.67)^2 = 1.6 mJ
14
MATHEMATICAL EXAMPLES
If a 10-μF capacitor is connected to a voltage
source with
v(t) = 75 sin(2,000t) V
Determine the current through the capacitor.
Answer:

i(t) = 10
=
= 1.5 cos 2000t A

15
MATHEMATICAL EXAMPLES
 The current through a 100-μF capacitor is
i(t) = 50 sin 120πt mA.
Calculate the voltage across it at t = 1 ms and
t = 5 ms. Take v(0) = 0.
Answer:
+ Vo
V(t) =
=
= 1.33 [1- cos ]
W(t) = 0.5* 100*10^-6* (1.33 [1- cos ])^2
V(= 1.33 [1 - cos *] = 93.4 mV
W() = 0.5* * (93.4)^2=
V(= 1.33 [1 - cos *] = 1.74 V
16
CAPACITORS IN SERIES
 Now, we will see what is the equivalent capacitance
of a number of capacitors connected in series as
shown below. As they are in series, same current
flows in each of the capacitors.

Equivalent
Circuit

 So, v , v2 , …v
 Kirchoff’s voltage law,
v=v1 + v2 + ……vn 17
= + +…….+ ….(7)
CAPACITORS IN SERIES …..

In the equivalent ckt, v …..(8)


Replacing v in eq.8 by the expression of v from
eq.7, we get

+ +…….+ =

Cancelling from both the sides of the equation


+ +…….+ = …….(9)

The expression is very similar to the equivalent


resistance when corrected in parallel
18
CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL
 As shown below n number of capacitors are
connected in parallel. The voltage across each
capacitor is same as v
Equivalent
Circuit

From eq.5 (slide 3)


i1 =C1 dv/dt, i2 =C2 dv/dt, ….. in =Cn dv/dt
Using Kirchoff’s current law, total current
i = i1 + i2 + …in
19
= C1 dv/dt + C2 dv/dt + …..+ Cn dv/dt …(10)
CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL …..
 In the equivalent ckt i = Ceq dv/dt
 Replacing i from eq. 10 we get
C1 dv/dt + C2 dv/dt + …..+ Cn dv/dt = Ceq dv/dt
Cancelling dv/dt from both the sides of the
equation
C1 + C2 + …..+ Cn = Ceq ….(11)

This results show that equivalent capacitance for a


parallel connection is very similar to eq.
resistances when connected in series
20
MATHEMATICAL EXAMPLES
DETERMINE V1, V2, V3, V4.

Applying voltage divider rule-

V1 =

V2 =

V3 =

V4 = 21
Applying KVL,
V2 = V3 + V4
22

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