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Lec01 Linear Algebra

Algebra

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8 views

Lec01 Linear Algebra

Algebra

Uploaded by

Ch Hami&007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra

Vector Spaces
Course outline

Ch04_2
The vector Space Rn
Definition 1.
Let (u1 , u2 , ..., un ) be a sequence of n real numbers. The set of all
such sequences is called n-space (or n-dimensional. space) and
is denoted Rn.
u1 is the first component of (u1 , u2 , ..., un ) .
u2 is the second component and so on.

Example 1
• R2 is the collection of all sets of two ordered real numbers.
For example, (0, 0) , (1, 2) and (-2, -3) are elements of R2.
• R3 is the collection of all sets of three ordered real numbers.
For example, (0,0, 0) and (-1,3, 4) are elements of R3.

Ch04_3
Definition 2.
Let u (u1 , u2 , ..., un ) and v (v1 , v2 , ..., vn ) be two elements of Rn.
We say that u and v are equal if u1 = v1, …, un = vn.
Thus two elements of Rn are equal if their corresponding
components are equal.

Definition 3.
Let u (u1 , u2 , ..., un ) and v (v1 , v2 , ..., vn ) be elements of Rn
and let c be a scalar. Addition and scalar multiplication are
performed as follows:
Addition: u  v (u1  v1 , ..., un  vn )
Scalar multiplication : cu (cu1 , ..., cun )
Ch04_4
► The set Rn with operations of componentwise addition and
scalar multiplication is an example of a vector space, and its
elements are called vectors.
We shall henceforth interpret Rn to be a vector space.
(We say that Rn is closed under addition and scalar multiplication).
► In general, if u and v are vectors in the same vector space, then u + v is
the diagonal of the parallelogram defined by u and v.

Ch04_5
Example 2
Let u = ( –1, 4, 3) and v = ( –2, –3, 1) be elements of R3.
Find u + v and 3u.
Solution: u + v = (–1, 4, 3) + (– 2, –3, 1) = (-3 ,1 ,4)
3u = 3 (–1, 4, 3) = (-3 ,12 ,9)
Example 3

In R2 , consider the two elements


(4, 1) and (2, 3).
Find their sum and give a geometrical
interpretation of this sum.
we get (4, 1) + (2, 3) = (6, 4).
The vector (6, 4), the sum, is the
diagonal of the parallelogram.

Ch04_6
Example 4
Consider the scalar multiple of the vector (3, 2) by 2, we get
2(3, 2) = (6, 4)
Observe in Figure 4.3 that (6, 4) is a vector in the same direction
as (3, 2), and 2 times it in length.

Ch04_7
Zero Vector
The vector (0, 0, …, 0), having n zero components, is called the
zero vector of Rn and is denoted 0.

Negative Vector
The vector (–1)u is writing –u and is called the negative of u.
It is a vector having the same length (or magnitude) as u, but
lies in the opposite direction to u.
u

-u
Subtraction
Subtraction is performed on element of Rn by subtracting
corresponding components.

Ch04_8
Theorem
Let u, v, and w be vectors in Rn and let c and d be scalars.
(a) u + v = v + u
(b) u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w
(c) u + 0 = 0 + u = u
(d) u + (–u) = 0
(e) c(u + v) = cu + cv
(f) (c + d)u = cu + du
(g) c(du) = (cd)u
(h) 1u = u
Figure
Commutativity of vector addition
u+v=v+u

Ch04_9
Example 5
Let u = (2, 5, –3), v = ( –4, 1, 9), w = (4, 0, 2) in the vector space
R3.
Determine the vector 2u – 3v + w.
Solution
2u  3v  w 2(2, 5,  3)  3( 4, 1, 9)  (4, 0, 2)
(4, 10,  6)  ( 12, 3, 27)  (4, 0, 2)
(4  12  4, 10  3  0,  6  27  2)
(20, 7,  31)

Ch04_10
Column Vectors
Row vector: u (u1 , u2 , ..., un )
 u1 
Column vector:  
 
 u n 

We defined addition and scalar multiplication of column vectors


in Rn in a componentwise manner:
 u1   v1   u1  v1   u1   cu1 
          and c      
 u n   vn   u n  vn   un   cun 
         
Homework

Ch04_12

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