Created By: Mohd Said B Tegoh

Identifying Quadratic Expressions

 A quadratic expression is an expression of the form ax2 + bx + c where a, b and c are constants, a 0 and x is unknown Examples: 3x2 + 13x + 4 and 7n2 2n + 3

Identifying Quadratic Expressions

 A quadratic expression must satisfy both of the following conditions: (a) There is only one unknown (b) The highest power of the unknown is 2

Identifying Quadratic Expressions

When the value of b and c is 0, the quadratic expression has the general form of ax2, e.g. 3x2

Forming Quadratic Expressions

A quadratic expression is formed when two linear expressions with the same variable (unknown) are multiplied together Example (x 1)(2x + 3) = 2x2 + x - 3

 Able to simplify algebraic expressions  Able to expand and factorise algebraic expressions  Able to simplify algebraic fractions

How to expand a single pair of brackets?

2m

2m

Area A = 2m x m Area B = 2m x 2 = 2m2 = 4m Area A + Area B = ?

m m+ 2

2m

By multiplying the width with the total length of the two rectangles (A and B), write an expression for their total area.

m+2

2m

m 2 To find the total area of the two rectangles, we can also find the area of each rectangle and add them up.

2m(m + 2 m 2)
= (2m x m) = 2m2 + 4m

(2m x 2)

Example

2( x  3) _ 6 = 2x

Example

 2 m( m  4) _ (2m) x 4) =  2mxm 2 =  2m  8m

Example

2 (3a  3) 3 2 1 2 1 = 1 x3a + 1 x 3
3 = 2a  2 3

How to expand two pairs of brackets?

Cards with specification

1 x x
1

x Card A

Card B

Card C Area C = 1

Area A = x2 Area B = x

Arrange All the Cards into One Rectangle

Area A = x2 Area B = x

Area C = 1

x x A

2 B B (x + 1)

Length of the Rectangle ? (x + 2) Width of the Rectangle ? (x + 1) Area of the Rectangle ? A + 3B + 2C = x2 + 3x + 2 PROVED !!!! (x + 2)(x + 1) = x2 + 3x + 2

B CC (x + 2)

Area A = x2 Area B = x Area C = 1

x (x + 1) A

2 BB

B (x+ 2)

CC

The rectangle of length (x + 2) and width (x + 1) can be divided into two rectangular sections To find the total area of the two rectangles, we can also find the area of each rectangle and add them up.

(x + 2)(x + 1) = x (x + 1) 2 (x + 1) = x2 + x + 2x + 2 = x2 + 3x + 2

Common Method Used to Carry Out The Expansion of Algebraic Expressions

Multiply each term within the first pair of brackets by every term within the second pair of brackets

(x + 3)(2x +1) = x(2x + 1) 3(2x + 1) = 2x2 + x + 6x + 3 2x2 + 7x + 3 =

Short Process : To find (x + 3)(2x + 1), we must ensure that each term in the first bracket multiplies each term in the second. The arrows in the figure below help us to see that all terms have been taken into account:

(x + 3)(2x + 1) = 2x2 + x + 6x + 3

= 2x2 + 7x + 3

( x + 3 ) ( 2x

- 1 )

6x + (-x) = 5x

2 2x

_3 + 5x

(x + 3)(2x 1) = ?
4. Perform cross multiplication 2. Multiply vertically to get ax2 1. Arrange the the expressions given in two rows 3. Multiply vertically to get c 5. Add them up to get bx

x 2x 2x2

+3 -1 -3

6x -x 5x

Thus, (x + 3)(2x 1) = 2x2 + 5x - 3

(x +

2= y)

(x + y)(x + y)

= x2 + xy + xy + y2 = (2a +
2= 3) 2+ x

2xy +

2 y

(2a)2 + 2 x 2a x 3 + 32
2+ 4a

12a + 9

(x -

2= y)

(x - y)(x - y)

= x2 - xy - xy + y2 = (2a 2= 3) 2x

2xy +

2 y

(2a)2 - 2 x 2a x 3 + 32
24a

12a + 9

(x - y)(x + y) = x2 + xy - xy - y2 =
2x 2 y

(2x - 5)(2x + 5) = (2x)2 - 52 =

24x

25

Example
( 5x + 3 ) ( 3x - 2 )

9x + (-10x) = -x

2_ 15x

_6 x

Example
( 2x - 3 ) ( 3x - 7 )

-9x + (-14x) = -23x

2 6x

_ 23x + 21

Example
(4x + 5)2 =
2+ (4x)

2 x 4x x 5 +

2 5

= 16x2 + 40x + 25
(2x + 3y)2 = (2x)2 + 2 x 2x x 3y + (3y)2 = 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 (2x - 3y)2 = (2x)2 - 2 x 2x x 3y + (3y)2 = 4x2 - 12xy + 9y2

Example
(3x - y)(3x + y) = (3x)2 - y2 = 9x2 y2 (2m - n)(2m + n) = (2m)2 - n2 =
2 4m 2 n

 Factorisation of quadratic expressions is a process of finding two linear expressions whose product is equal to the quadratic expression. For Example; Expansion (x + 2)(x + 3) = x2 + 5x + 6 Factorisation x2 + 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3)  The two linear expressions, (x + 2) and (x + 3), are called the factors of the quadratic expression x2 + 5x + 6

Expansion

(a +

b)2

a2 + 2ab + b2

Factorization

Factors, Common Factors, Highest Common Factor?

15 = 1 x 15 3x 5 =
The factors of 15 is 1, 3, 5, and 15

The factors of 3xy is 1, 3, x, y, 3x, 3y, xy and 3xy

3x y =1 x 3x y =3 x xy = x x 3y y x 3x =

9 pq = 1 x 9pq = 3 x 3pq = 9 x pq = p x 9q = q x 9p = 3p x 3q = 3qx 3p

The factors of 9pq is 1, 3, 9, p, q, 3p, 3q, 9p, 9q, pq, 3pq and 9pq

FACTORS 3xy 2xy 1 1 3 2 x x y y 3x 2x 3y 2y xy xy 3xy 2xy

xy 3 xy, 2 xy 3,2
xy is the highest common factor (HCF) of 3xy and 2xy

Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions

4p + 6 = 2 ( 2p + 3 )
2 is the common factor of 4p and 6

2 4p , 6 2p , 3

Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions

2e + 3ef = e( 2 + 3f )
e is the common factor of 2e and 3ef

e 2 e , 3ef 2 , 3f

, 2 p 2p2q , 3pq3 3 q 2pq , 3q 2p ,

2 3q

2q 4p

3 6pq

HCF = 2pq

, 3 x 2x3y , 3xy2 2y , 3y2 y 2x

2 2x

3y 6x

2 9xy

, 3y

HCF = 3xy

Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions

4p2 q + 6pq3 = 2pq( 2p + 3q2 )

2pq is the common factor of 4p2q and 6pq3

6x3y - 9xy2 = 3xy ( 2x2 - 3y )

24p

9= = (2p 3)(2p + 3)
Use the identity a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)

2 (2p)

2 3

(a) 15 = 3 x 5 8= 3 + 5 (b) -45 = -5 x 9 4 = -5 + 9

(c) 18 = -9 x -2 -11 = -9 + -2 (d) 40 = 8 x 5 13 = 8 + 5

(e) -15 = -3 x 5 2 = -3 + 5 (f) -21 = -7 x 3 -4 = -7 + 3

(g) -21 = -7 x 3 -4 = -7 + 3 (h) -30 = -6 x 5 -1 = -6 + 5

(i) 45 = -9 x -5 -14 = -9 + -5 (j) 210= 15 x 14 29 = 15 + 14

(k) -30 = -10 x 3 -7 = -10 + 3 (l) -100= -25 x 4 -21 = -25 + 4

Factorise x2 + 9x + 14
Solution 14 = 2 x 7 9= 2 + 7 +2 +7 14 c 2x 7x 9x bx

x2 + 9x + 14 =(x + 2 )(x + 7)
x x x2 ax2

Factorise x2 - 5x + 6
Solution 6 = -2 x -3 -5 = -2 + -3 x x x2 ax2 -2 -3 6 c -2x -3x -5x bx

x2 - 5x + 6 =(x - 2 )(x - 3)

Factorise x2 + 3x - 10
Solution -10 = -2 x 5 3 = -2 + 5 x x x2 ax2 -2 +5 -10 c -2x 5x 3x bx

x2 + 3x - 10 =(x - 2 )(x + 5)

Factorise x2 - x - 6
Solution 6 = 2 x -3 -1 = 2 + -3 x x x2 ax2 +2 -3 -6 c 2x -3x -x bx

x2 - x - 6 =(x + 2 )(x - 3)

Factorise 3x2 - 2x - 5
Solution 3 x (-5) -15 = -5 x 3

3x2 - 2x - 5 =(3x - 5 )(x + 1)

3x x 3x2 ax2 -5 +1 -5 c

-2 = -5 + 3 -5x 3x -2x bx

Factorise 3x2 - 10x - 8

Solution

3 x (-8)

3x2 - 10x - 8 =(3x + 2 )(x - 4)

3x x 3x2 ax2 +2 -4 -8 c

-24 = 2 x -12 -10 = 2 + -12

2x -12x -10x bx

Factorise 2m2 + 3m - 2
Solution 2 x (-2) -4 = -1 x 4 3 = -1 + 4

2m2 + 3m - 2 =( 2m - 1 )( m + 2 ) 2m m 2m2 ax2 -1 +2 -2 c

-m 4m 3m bx

Factorise 4m2 + 11m - 3

Solution 4 x (-3) -12 = -1 x 12 11 = -1 + 12

4m2 + 11m 3 = (m + 3)(4m 1) 4m m 4m2 ax2 -1 +3 -3 c

-m 12m 11m bx

Factorise 3m2 - 6m + 3
Solution 3x3 9 = -3 x -3 -6 = -3 + -3

3m2 - 6m + 3 = (m - 1)(3m 3) m 3m 3m2 ax2 -1 -3 3 c

-3m -3m -6m bx

Factorise 10p2 + 3p - 4
Solution 10 x(- 4) -40 = -5 x 8 3 = -5 + 8

10p2 + 3p - 4 = (2p - 1)(5p + 4) 2p 5p 10p2 ax2 -1 +4 -4 c

-5p 8p 3p bx

Expand each of the following. (a)(x + 1)(x 2) (b)(2k 1)(k + 3) (c) (3y 1)(y + 3) (d) (4 3n)(3 + n) (e)2(x 2)(x 2) (f) -3(2 y)(3 + y)

x x2
2k  5k  3
2

3y  8y  3  3n  5n  12 2x  8x  8 3 y  3 y  18
2 2 2

Factorise each quadratic expression below.

(a )3 x  x (b)6 y  72 (c) x  100 (d )9e  16 y (e)1  16 2 ( f ) x  3x  2

2 2 2 2

x(3 x  1) 6( y  12) ( x  10)( x  10) (3e  4)(3e  4) y y (1  )(1  ) 4 4 ( x  1)( x  2)

2

Factorise each quadratic expression below.

( g ) y  7 y  12 (h) x  2 x  15 (i ) x  3 x  28 ( j )4 p  5 p  9 (k )2 p  5 p  12 (l )9 x  11x  48 (m)4 y  6 y  10

2 2 2 2 2 2

( y  4)( y  3) ( x  3)( x  5) ( x  7)( x  4) (4 p  9)( p  1) (2 p  3)( p  4) (9 x  16)( x  3) 2(2 y  5)( y  1)

(2x 3) cm (x 2) cm

x cm x cm

If the area of the rectangle is equal to the area of the square, then we can form an equation (2x 3)(x 2) = (x)(x) 2x2 7x + 6 = x2 Equations of this form are known as quadratic equations

Quadratic equations are equations which fulfill the following characteristics:  have an equal sign =  have only one unknown  have 2 as the highest power of the unknown Example

x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
Highest power of x is 2 Equal sign

General Form

Characteristic

Example

ax 2  bx  c ! 0
ax  bx ! 0 ax  c ! 0
2 2

a { 0, b { 0, c { 0

3x 2  2 x  7 ! 0

a { 0, b { 0, c ! 0
a { 0, b ! 0, c { 0

2 x  5x ! 0 2x  8 ! 0
2

Determine whether the following are quadratic equations in one unknown. Give reasons. (a) x2

yes one unknown, highest power of x + 3x 6 = 0

is 2, has an equal sign

(b) x2 + y2 = 4 (c) m2 + m + 1 (d) n2 I = 3 n

No

more than one unknown

No no equal sign No highest power of n is 3

Roots of a quadratic equation are values of the unknown which satisfy the quadratic equation. To determine whether a given value of unknown is a root of a specific quadratic equation, substitute the given value for the unknown into the equation. If it satisfies the equation, then the value of the unknown is a root of the equation and vice versa.

Example
Determine whether the following values of x are roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 (a) x = 1 (b) x = 2 (c) x = -2 (d) x = -3

Solution
(a) Substitute x = 1 into x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 LHS = ( 1 )2 + 5( 1 ) + 6 = 1+ 5 + 6 = 12 0 LHS RHS x = 1 does not satisfy equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 x = 1 is not a root of the equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
LHS = left-hand-side RHS = right-hand-side

Solution
(b) Substitute x = 2 into x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 LHS = ( 2 )2 + 5( 2 ) + 6 = 4 + 10 + 6 = 20 0 LHS RHS x = 2 does not satisfy equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 x = 2 is not a root of the equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
LHS = left-hand-side RHS = right-hand-side

Solution
(b) Substitute x = -2 into x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 LHS = ( -2 )2 + 5( -2 ) + 6 = 4 - 10 + 6 =0 = RHS LHS = RHS x = -2 satisfies equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 x = -2 is a root of the equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
LHS = left-hand-side RHS = right-hand-side

Solution
(b) Substitute x = -3 into x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 LHS = ( -3 )2 + 5( -3 ) + 6 = 9 - 15 + 6 =0 = RHS LHS = RHS x = -3 satisfies equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 x = -3 is a root of the equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
LHS = left-hand-side RHS = right-hand-side

Roots of an equation are also called the solution of an equation. Therefore, in the given example, x = -2, x = -3 are solution of the equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0. The factorisation method is commonly used to find the solutions or roots of a given quadratic equation.

Solve the equation 3x2 = 2(x 1) + 7

Example

3x2 =

_ 1) + 7 2(x

2x1 = 2xx = 2x 2 + 7 2x 3x2 _ _ = 0 + 5 (3x 5)(x + 1) = 0 3x 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 5 x ! 1 x!

CALC

x2
ENG RCL

sin

cos ( ln
CONST

ab/c

tan
log

M+

^
hyp

x-1
DEL

fdx

AC

7 0

8 . +

9
EXP Ans

=
(-)

ax2 + bx + c = 0 3x2 2x 5 = 0 a = 3 b = -2 c = -5

Press
3x
MODE EQN 1 2 (-) 5 a? 3 1 Unknowns ? 2 3 Degree? 2 3

x1 = 1.666666667 x2 = -1

b ? (-) 2 Shift

c?

ab/c x1 = 5 3

3x2 = 2x 2 + 7 3x2 2x 5 = 0 ( _ )( + ) = 0

x=5 , -1 3

. ( 5x - 4 )( 2x + 3 ) = 0 x=4, -3 5 2

. ( 2x - 3 )( 4x + 1 ) = 0 x=3, -1 2 4

. ( 3x + 1 )( 4x + 3 ) = 0 x = -1 , - 3 3 4

2m2 + 5m = 2 Solve the equation m+1

2m2 + 5m = 2 ( 0 2m2 + 5m - m + 1 = 2m + 2 2m2 + 3m 2 = 0 ( 2m 1 )( m + 2 ) = 0 2m - 1 = 0 or m + 2 = 0

1 m! 2 m ! 2

Cloned SPM Solution

2

8  7x Solve the equation x ! x

x  7x  8 ! 0 ( x  1)( x  8) ! 0 x  1 ! 0 or x  8 ! 0 x ! 1,8

Cloned SPM
Solve the equation 7 x 2 ! 5( x  2)  28

Solution
7 x 2 ! 5 x  10  28 ! 5 x  18 2 7 x  5 x  18 ! 0 (7 x  9)( x  2) ! 0 7 x  9 ! 0 or x  2 ! 0 9 x !  ,2 7

Cloned SPM Solution

2

3 p 2  10 p !3 Solve the equation p2

3 p  10 p ! 3( p  2) ! 3p  6 2 3 p  10 p  3 p  6 ! 0 2 3p  7 p  6 ! 0 (3 p  2)( p  3) ! 0 3 p  2 ! 0 or p  3 ! 0 2 p ! ,3 3

Cloned SPM Solution

2

3k 2  15 Solve the equation !4 k

3k  15 ! 4k 3k 2  4k  15 ! 0 (3k  5)(k  3) ! 0 3k  5 ! 0 or k  3 ! 0 5 k !  ,3 3

Solving Problem Solution

A photograph is mounted on a piece of card , 8 cm long and 5 cm wide, leaving a border of constant width around the photograph. If the area of the photograph is 18 cm2, find the width of the border. Step 1: Read and understand
8 cm x cm 5 cm x cm x cm

x cm

Find the width of the border which is x cm

8 cm x cm 5 cm x cm x cm

x cm

Step 2: Devise a plan Area of photo = 18 Length x breadth = 18 (8 2x)(5 2x) = 18 40 16x 10x + 4x2 = 18 4x2 26x + 22 = 0 Solve the quadratic equation and obtain the value x cm

Step 3: Carry out the plan 4x2 26x + 22 = 0 2x2 13x + 11 = 0 (2x 11)(x 1) = 0 2x 11 = 0 or x 1 = 0 x = 11 or x = 1 2