Complex Numbers

Review, plus extending to the Application to Trigonometry

 Complex Numbers – Year 2

Recap
Cartesian Form Modulus-Argument Form Also written as

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑧 =𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) or

where

Multiplying and Dividing complex numbers in the modulus-argument form:

𝑧 1 =𝑟 1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1) 𝑧 2=𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2)

𝑧1 𝑟
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2¿ =
1
¿
𝑧2 𝑟 2

“Multiply the moduli, add “Divide the moduli, subtract

the arguments” the arguments”
Powers of Complex Numbers

Review: De Moivre’s Theorem

( 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽+ 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 )𝒏=(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏 𝜽+ 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝜽) For any rational number

Applying this to complex numbers in modulus-argument form:

𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

𝑧 𝑛 =(𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃))𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
¿ 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

𝒛 𝒏 =𝒓 𝒏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏 𝜽+𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝜽)
Example
Use de Moivre’s theorem to simplify each of the following: 𝒏 𝒏
𝒛 =𝒓 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏 𝜽+𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝜽)
Example
Use de Moivre’s theorem to simplify each of the following: 𝒏 𝒏
𝒛 =𝒓 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏 𝜽+𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝜽)

Solutions:

a) and so
Complex Numbers - Exponential Form

Euler’s Formula: We will see how this was

derived when we look at
Maclaurin series later

𝒊𝜽 𝑛 𝒊 (𝒏 𝜽) 𝒏
(𝒆 ) =𝒆 =𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( 𝒏 𝜽 )+ 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒏 𝜽 )=(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 +𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)

Example:
Check on calculator
Euler’s Formula:

What happens when ?

𝒊𝝅
𝒆 =−𝟏
or
𝒊𝝅 This is called Euler’s Identity (and also
𝒆 +𝟏=𝟎 “the most beautiful equation”!)
Euler’s Formula:

So any complex number, z, can be written as:

𝒊𝜽
𝒛 =𝒓 𝒆 =𝒓 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 +𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 )=𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝜽=[𝒓 , 𝜽]
Example:
Convert to exponential form:

a) 3 b)
Modulus = 2
Argument =
𝝅 𝝅
¿ 3 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 ) 𝟐𝝅
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝒊
𝟑
¿𝟐𝒆
𝝅
𝒊
𝟏𝟐
¿𝟑𝒆
Raising or any real number to a complex power

3+ 2𝑖 3 2𝑖
𝑒 ¿𝑒 𝑒
3
¿ 𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 2)

¿ − 8.36+18.2 𝑖

3+ 2 𝑖 𝑙𝑛 5 3+2 𝑖 3 𝑙𝑛5 ( 2 𝑙𝑛 5) 𝑖
5 ¿ (𝑒 ) ¿𝑒 𝑒
3 𝑙𝑛5
¿𝑒 (cos ⁡(2 𝑙𝑛5)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 𝑙𝑛5))

¿ −125 − 9.65 𝑖
 Complex Conjugate in Exponential Form

What is the geometrical relationship between a complex number and its conjugate?

𝑖𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟 𝑒
𝜃
𝜃

∗ −𝑖 𝜃
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒
 Review: Roots of Complex Numbers

𝑧 =1+ √ 3 𝑖
2
Solve:

Using de Moivre’s:

|1+ √ 3𝑖|= √1 +(√ 3) =2

2 2

𝜋
arg ⁡(1 + √ 3 𝑖 )=
3
𝜋 𝜋
1+ √ 3 𝑖=2(𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
3 3

or
 𝑧 =1+ √ 3 𝑖
Alternatively, solve:
2

Using exponential form:

|1+ √ 3𝑖|= √1 +(√ 3) =2 2 2 𝜋

arg ⁡(1 + √ 3 𝑖 )=
3
𝜋
𝑖
1+ √ 3 𝑖=2 𝑒 3

So

or

or
Review: Roots of Complex Numbers
Further example: Solve the equation

De Moivre’s Exponential

|2+ 2𝑖|= √ 2 + 2 = √ 8 2 2
|2+ 2𝑖|= √ 2 + 2 = √ 8
2 2

𝜋 𝜋
arg ⁡(2 + 2 𝑖 )= arg ⁡(2 + 2 𝑖 )=
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2+2 𝑖=√ 8 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑖
4 4 2+2 𝑖=√ 8 𝑒 4

So
Giving
or or

or or

or
or
 3
What about𝑧 =2 If is a complex number, there will be 3 solutions

Equivalent to “Find the cube roots of ”

In exponential form:
𝑖0
2=2 𝑒
3 𝑖0
𝑧 =2 𝑒
or or

or or

The 3 roots form an equilateral

triangle, with one vertex at

What would the 4th roots of 2 be?

General Form:
If then the th roots of are:

, , , …. ,

They can also be written as:

for

https://www.geogebra.org/m/knWhMrsK

The th roots of a complex number form an -sided regular polygon centred at the origin

What happens when you add all the roots together?

(Consider the roots as vectors on an Argand diagram)
 , , , …. ,

Let and

Then the roots can be written as: And the sum of the roots is:

,
This is a GP with and
𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 (1 −𝑟 ) 𝛼 (1− 𝜔 ) But
𝑆 𝑛= 𝑆 𝑛=
1− 𝑟 1−𝜔
∴ 𝑆 𝑛= 0
Roots of unity – finding the complex roots of 1
𝑛
𝑧 =1will have roots of unity
Example: Find the sixth roots of unity

6
𝑧 =1 Modulus of 1 = 1, Argument of 1 = 0
0𝑖
¿1𝑒
Let
6 6 6 𝜃𝑖 0𝑖
𝑧 =𝑟 𝑒 =1 𝑒
Comparing moduli: Comparing arguments: The sixth roots of unity are:

1, , , , ,

They form a regular hexagon, centred at

https://www.geogebra.org/m/knWhMrsK the origin with a vertex on 1
The th roots of unity are:
This can also be written as:
1, , , , for

They form a regular n-sided polygon, centred at the origin with a vertex on 1

Sum of the th roots of unity is 0

NB You can find the 3rd and 4th roots of unity algebraically:
3 4
𝑧 =1 𝑧 =1
3 4
𝑧 − 1 =0 𝑧 − 1= 0
is clearly a factor Difference of two squares

(𝑧 −1)(𝑧 ¿¿ 2+ 𝑧 +1)=0 ¿ 2
( 𝑧 − 1)( 𝑧 +1)=0
2

Using the quadratic formula:

or

−1 ± √ 3 𝑖 So the 4th roots of unity are:

𝑧=
2
So the 3rd roots of unity are:
,
Roots of :

for

Roots often denoted:

( )
𝟐(𝒏− 𝟏) 𝝅 𝒊 𝟐 𝝅 𝒊 𝒏 −𝟏
𝟐 ×𝟎 𝝅 𝒊 𝜔 𝑛−1 =𝒆 𝒏
=𝒆 𝒏
=𝝎 𝟏𝒏 − 𝟏
𝒏
𝜔 0 =𝒆 =𝟏
𝟐𝝅 𝒊
𝜔 1=𝒆 𝒏 NB

( ) =𝝎
𝟒𝝅𝒊 𝟐𝝅 𝒊 𝟐
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐
𝜔 2=𝒆 =𝒆 𝟏
In general:
( ) =𝝎
𝟔 𝝅𝒊 𝟐𝝅 𝒊 𝟑
𝒏 𝒏 𝟑
𝜔 3 =𝒆 =𝒆 𝟏
 Sixth roots of unity Fifth roots of unity

𝟐
𝜔 2=𝝎 𝟏
What do you notice?
What else do you notice?

𝜔 3 =𝝎 𝟏
∗
𝜔 4 =𝝎𝟐
∗
𝜔 4 =− 𝜔1
etc
 Exercise:
Now try the Multiple Choice Worksheet
 Multiple angle identities using complex numbers
Example: Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that

( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )5 ¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 (de Moivre’s theorem)

5 4
( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )5=¿𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ¿
(binomial expansion)
5 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ¿
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +5 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 sin 𝜃 −1 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −10 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃

4 2 3 5
5 𝑐𝑜𝑠
Equate imaginary parts: 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃
2 2 2 3 5
5( 1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −10(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃
2 4 2 3 5
5(1− 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −10 (1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃
3 5 3 5 5
5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃
3 5
5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 20 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ¿ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝜃
Your turn: Use the workings above to find a similar expression for and hence solve for
 Find a similar expression for and hence solve for

5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +5 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 sin 𝜃 −1 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −10 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃
5 3 2 4
Equate real parts: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃
5 3 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠¿¿2 𝜃)+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃(1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 ¿
5 3 2 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠¿¿ 2 𝜃)+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃(1 −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)=𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃 ¿
5 3 5 3 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃
5 3
16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃

𝒄𝒐 𝒔𝟓𝜽=𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔
16𝜽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
5 3

5 3
16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃=0
3 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ( 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 5 )=0
3 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃=0 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃=5
𝜋 3𝜋 5 𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃= , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃= 2 𝜃= ,
4 No solutions 2 2
2 2
 Powers of trig identities

Let

𝑛
𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
−𝑛
1
𝑛
=𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 𝑛 𝜃 )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 𝑛 𝜃 )
𝑧
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝜃
1 𝟏
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
𝑛 𝒏
𝑧 + 𝑛
=¿ 𝒛 + 𝒏
=𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏 𝜽
𝑧 𝒛

𝑛 1 𝒏 𝟏
𝑧 − 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
=¿ 𝑛𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 −(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃) 𝒛 − 𝒏
=𝟐 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏 𝜽
𝑧 𝒛
 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏
𝒛 + 𝒏
=𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏 𝜽 𝒛 − 𝒏
=𝟐 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏 𝜽
𝒛 𝒛

In exponential form and when :

𝑖𝜃 −𝑖𝜃 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑖𝜃
𝑒 +𝑒 =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑒 −𝑒 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝒆𝒊 𝜽 + 𝒆− 𝒊 𝜽 𝒆 𝒊 𝜽 − 𝒆− 𝒊 𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
 Powers of trig identities
MEI FP2 June 2010

𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏
𝒛 + 𝒏
=𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏 𝜽 𝒛 − 𝒏
=𝟐 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏 𝜽
𝒛 𝒛

( )
5
1
𝑧−
𝑧
=𝑧¿
5 3
−5 𝑧 +10 𝑧 −10
1
( 𝑧) ( 𝑧 )
1 1
+5 3 − 5
𝑧

(
¿ 𝑧 −
5 1
𝑧 ) (
5
− 5 𝑧
3
−
1
𝑧
3) (
+10 𝑧 −
1
𝑧 ) Hence

5 5 1
𝐴= , 𝐵=− , 𝐶=
So, 8 16 16
5
32 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 − 10𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+20 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 𝒏 𝟏
𝒛 + =𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏 𝜽
Example: Express in terms of multiple angles. Hence 𝒛
𝒏

evaluate 𝒏 𝟏
𝒛 − 𝒏
=𝟐 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏 𝜽
𝒛

(
¿ 𝑧+
1
𝑧 )( 6
𝑧 −3 𝑧 +
2 3
𝑧
2
−
1
𝑧
6 )
( 7
¿ 𝑧 −3𝑧 +
3 3 1 5 3 1
− 5 +𝑧 − 3 𝑧+ 3 − 7
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 )
(
¿ 𝑧 −
7 1
𝑧
7
+ 𝑧
5
−
1
𝑧
5
−3 𝑧
3
(
−
1
𝑧
3
−3 𝑧 −
1
𝑧 ) ( ))
Example: Express in terms of multiple angles. Hence evaluate

𝝅 𝝅

∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟎
𝟒 𝟑
𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅 𝜽 ¿∫ −
𝟎
( 1
64
1 3 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝒅 𝜽
64 64 64 )
¿ [ 1
448
𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝜃+
1
320
1
64
3
64 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝝅
¿𝟎

¿−
1
−
1 1 3
+ + −
448 320 64 64
1
+
1
( 1
− −
3
448 320 64 64 )
4
¿
35
 𝒆𝒊 𝜽 + 𝒆− 𝒊 𝜽 𝒆 𝒊 𝜽 − 𝒆− 𝒊 𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
Using Exponential Form for powers of trig:

( )
𝑖𝜃 −𝑖 𝜃 5
𝑒 −𝑒
5
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ¿
2𝑖
5
1 ( 𝑖𝜃
𝑒 −𝑒 )
− 𝑖𝜃
¿
32𝑖

1
¿ ( 𝑒 5 𝑖 𝜃 − 5 𝑒 3𝑖 𝜃 +10 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 −10 𝑒 −𝑖 𝜃 +5 𝑒 −3 𝑖 𝜃 −𝑒 −5 𝑖 𝜃 )
32𝑖

(( ) ( ) ( ))
5𝑖 𝜃 −5 𝑖 𝜃 3𝑖 𝜃 −3 𝑖 𝜃 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑖𝜃
1 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒
¿ −5 +10
16 2𝑖 2𝑖 2𝑖
1
¿ ( 𝑠 𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 −5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃+ 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
16
 𝒆𝒊 𝜽 + 𝒆− 𝒊 𝜽 𝒆 𝒊 𝜽 − 𝒆− 𝒊 𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
Using Exponential Form for powers of trig:

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
5
¿ ( 𝑠 𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 −5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃+ 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
16
This can then be integrated easily if required…..

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑑𝜃5 1
¿ ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 −5 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 +10𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑑 𝜃
16
1
16 5(
1 5
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 −10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑐
3 )
1 5 5
¿ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑐
80 48 8
 𝒆𝒊 𝜽 + 𝒆− 𝒊 𝜽 𝒆 𝒊 𝜽 − 𝒆− 𝒊 𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊

Using exponential form:

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 ¿∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜃
Using trig identities: 2 𝑖𝜃 −𝑖 𝜃 2
𝑒 +𝑒

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2 1
¿ ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 +1 ) 𝑑 𝜃
2

1
2
1
¿ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 𝜃 +𝑐
¿∫ ( 4 )
𝑒 2𝑖 𝜃 +2+ 𝑒− 2 𝑖 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
4 2
¿∫
2 (
1 𝑒 2𝑖 𝜃 +𝑒 −2 𝑖 𝜃
2
+1 𝑑 𝜃 )
1
¿ ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 +1 ) 𝑑 𝜃
2
1 1
¿ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 𝜃 +𝑐
4 2
 Using complex numbers to find sums of trig series

𝑖𝜃 2𝑖 𝜃 3𝑖 𝜃 𝑛𝑖𝜃
𝑒 +𝑒 +𝑒 + …+𝑒
𝑛
What type of series is this? GP with , 𝑎 (1 − 𝑟 )
𝑆 𝑛=
1− 𝑟
𝑖𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃
𝑖𝜃 2𝑖 𝜃 3𝑖 𝜃 𝑛𝑖𝜃 𝑒 (1− 𝑒 )
𝑒 +𝑒 +𝑒 + …+𝑒 =
1− 𝑒𝑖 𝜃
[𝑒¿¿𝑛𝑖𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃]¿
𝑖𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃
𝑒 (1 − 𝑒 )
𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 +… +𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝜃 =
1− 𝑒𝑖 𝜃
𝑖𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃
𝑒 (1− 𝑒 )
𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + …+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃)+ 𝑖( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 +… +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝜃 )=
1 −𝑒 𝑖 𝜃

Let and
𝑖 𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃
𝑒 (1 − 𝑒 )
𝐶 + 𝑖𝑆 =
1 − 𝑒𝑖 𝜃
Getting back from exponential form to Trig Form….

and
𝑖𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃
𝑒 (1 − 𝑒 )
𝐶 +𝑖𝑆 =
1 − 𝑒𝑖 𝜃

𝑖𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 𝑖𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 −𝑖 𝜃
𝑒 (1 − 𝑒 ) 𝑒 (1 − 𝑒 )(1 −𝑒 )
= −𝑖 𝜃 Useful little trick – like rationalising the denominator…
1 − 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 𝑖𝜃
(1 − 𝑒 )(1− 𝑒 )
𝑖𝜃 − 𝑖𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 (𝑛 −1) 𝑖 𝜃
𝑒 ( 1− 𝑒 −𝑒 +𝑒 )
¿
(1 − 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖 𝜃 +1 )
𝑖𝜃 (𝑛 +1) 𝑖 𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃
𝑒 −1 −𝑒 +𝑒
¿ −𝑖 𝜃
2 −( 𝑒 ¿ ¿ 𝑖 𝜃 + 𝑒 )¿
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1− ( cos (𝑛 +1 ) 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑛+1 ) 𝜃 ) +cos 𝑛 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝜃
¿
2 −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ cos 𝑛 𝜃− cos ( 𝑛+ 1 ) 𝜃 −1+𝑖( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃− sin ⁡(𝑛+1) 𝜃)
¿
2− 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
 𝑖𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃
𝑒 (1 − 𝑒 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + cos 𝑛 𝜃 − cos ( 𝑛+1 ) 𝜃 −1+𝑖( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝜃 − sin ⁡( 𝑛+1) 𝜃 )
=
1 − 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

If and , then…

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+cos 𝑛 𝜃 −cos ( 𝑛+1 ) 𝜃 − 1

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽+ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 +𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑 𝜽 +…+ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝜽=
2− 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 − sin ⁡( 𝑛+1)𝜃

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜽 +…+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏 𝜽=
2− 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
 Exam Question

1 1 1 1
𝐶 +𝑖𝑆=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃+ …+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃+ …
3 9 3 9
1 1 1 1
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃+ 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃+…
3 3 9 9
𝜃 1 1
+ 𝑒3 𝑖 𝜃 + 𝑒5 𝑖 𝜃 +…
3 9
This is a GP with ,
𝑖𝜃
Sum to infinity exists if 𝑒
𝑎 𝐶 +𝑖𝑆=
𝑆∞=
| |
2𝑖𝜃
1 2𝑖 𝜃 1 1 −𝑟 1
𝑒 = 1− 𝑒
3 3 3
 𝑖𝜃 𝑖𝜃
𝑒 3𝑒
𝐶 +𝑖𝑆= 2𝑖𝜃
= 2𝑖 𝜃
1 3−𝑒
1− 𝑒 Equating real and imaginary parts:
3
𝑖𝜃 −2 𝑖 𝜃
3 𝑒 ( 3 −𝑒 )
¿
( 3− 𝑒 2𝑖 𝜃 )(3 − 𝑒− 2 𝑖 𝜃 )
𝑖𝜃 −𝑖 𝜃
9 𝑒 −3 𝑒
¿ 2𝑖 𝜃 −2 𝑖 𝜃
9 −3 𝑒 − 3 𝑒 +1
𝑖𝜃 − 𝑖𝜃
9𝑒 −3𝑒
¿ 2𝑖 𝜃 − 2𝑖 𝜃
10 −3 (𝑒 + 𝑒 )
9(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)−3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
¿
10 − 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
¿
5 −3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +12𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
¿
10 −6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
 TASK:

Now Complete Exercise Level 2 ws

Q’s 1,2,3,4 & 10