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Blood Grouping System

PPT giveing some information about ABO and Rh blood grouping subject pathology -hematology

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Aryan Rawal
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21 views

Blood Grouping System

PPT giveing some information about ABO and Rh blood grouping subject pathology -hematology

Uploaded by

Aryan Rawal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Blood group system

(ABO & Rh system)


Contents

● Blood Group System.


● Blood Group Antigens.
● ABO System.
● Rh System.
● Blood group detection.
● Clinical Importance of blood grouping.
Blood group system
A Blood group system consists of a group of antigens encoded by Alleles at
a single gene locus or at gene loci so closely linked that crossing over does
not occur or is very rare.
● Karl Landsteiner described existence of major human blood groups in
1900. For which he was awarded Nobel prize in 1930.
● Over 20 Blood group system having approximately 400 blood group
antigens have been recognised.
● Major human blood group system : ABO SYSTEM and Rh SYSTEM.
● Other minor and clinically less important systems : Lewis system,I
system,MNS system,Kell and Duffy system and Lutheran system.
Blood Group Antigens.
RBC antigens are inherited carbohydrate or protein structures located on
the outside surface of the RBC membrane.
● An antigen is a substance that can
evoke an immune response when
introduced into an immunocompetent
host and react with the antibody
produced from that immune response.

The ability of an antigen to stimulate an


immune response is called
immunogenicity

and its ability to react with an antibody is


called antigenicity.
Naturally Occurring Antibodies:

An antibody is said to be naturally occurring when it is found in the serum of


an individual who has not been exposed to the antigen through transfusion
or pregnancy.

e.g. Naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B antibodies in humans,also


called isoagglutinins .
● Usually of IgM class.

Immune Antibodies on the other hand,are acquired in response to


transfusion or by transplacental passage during pregnancy.
● Usually of IgG class.
ABO SYSTEM
● Discovered by Landsteiner in 1900.
● This system consists of 3 major allelic genes: A,B and O.
● Located on the long arm of Chromosome 9.
● First system described and remains the most significant in transfusion
medicine.
● The four main phenotypes are A, B, AB, and O, the latter indicating a
lack of A and B antigens.

H gene causes secretion of a blood group precursor substance H, which


under influence of A and B gene,is largely converted to either Antigen A and
B present on RBCs,while a minor component remains unconverted.

An O group individual who inherits A or B genes, but fails to inherit H gene


from either parent is called Oh phenotype or Bombay blood group.
Rh SYSTEM
● Rh (or D) blood group system was first reported by Landsteiner and
Weiner in 1940.
● Rh antigen is present only on Red blood cells.
● Rh factor present in 85-95% of human beings.
● The Rh (Not Rhesus) system is the second most important blood group
system.
● First discovered on human red cells by the use of antisera prepared by
immunising rabbits with red cells from a Rhesus monkey.
Inheritance of Rh antigens is determined by a complex of two closely linked
genes: one encodes the protein carrying D antigen (RhD); the other encodes
the protein carrying C or c and E or e antigens (RhCE).
● RBCs from Rh-positive people have both RhD and RhCE.
● Rh-negative RBCs have only RhCE.
● Located on chromosome 1.

In the Rh system, eight common antigen combinations or haplotypes are


possible: Dce (R0, Rh0), DCe (R1, Rh1), DcE (R2, Rh2), DCE (RZ, Rhz), ce (r,
rh), Ce (r′, rh′), cE (r′′, rh′′), and CE (ry, rhy). The letter “d” is commonly used
to designate the lack of D, but there is no d antigen or anti-d.
● Out of all D antigen is most strongly immunogenic and, therefore,
clinically most important.
● The antigens C, c, E, and e are less immunogenic and become
important in patient care only after the corresponding antibody
develops or when the basic Rh haplotype must be determined.
Blood Group Detection
Karl Landsteiner's law :

* If an antigen is present in the RBC's of an individual, the corresponding


antibody must be absent from the plasma. * If an antigen is absent in
the RBC's of an individual, the corresponding antibody must be present from
the plasma.

Antigen (Agglutinogen) - Red cell membrane

Antibody (Agglutinin) - Plasma

1. Blood Typing
2. DNA Analysis
● Agglutination test
-Slide method
-Tube method
● The antibody screen or indirect antiglobulin test
Clinical Significance of Blood grouping
1. Blood Transfusion
2. Rh incompatibility in Pregnancy
3. To minimize the risk of graft rejection in Organ Transplants.
4. Genetic Inheritance
5. Forensic Investigation
6. Personalized Medicine

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