WHY DO YOU

NEED TO
SUPPORT
SUPPORTING
YOUR IDEAS

GROUP 6 BSA-1A
SUPPORTING
MATERIALS
Supporting material make your ideas,
arguments, assertions, points, or
concepts real and concrete.
ROLE OF
SUPPORTING
MATERIALS
• they clarify, explain, or provide
specifics (and, therefore,
understanding) for the audience,
or
• they provide evidence and,
therefore, persuade the audience.
HOW MUCH
SUPPORTING
MATERIAL IS
ENOUGH?
EXAMPLES
 EXAMPLE
A SPECIFIC CASE USED TO ILLUSTRATE
OR TO REPRESENT A GROUP OF PEOPLE,
IDEAS, CONDITIONS, EXPERIENCES, OR
THE LIKE.
 TYPES OF EXAMPLES

1 2 3
BRIEF EXAMPLES EXTENDED HYPOTHETICAL
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
BRIEF
EXAMPLES

THESE ARE CALLED

SPECIFIC INSTANCES.
EXTENDED
EXAMPLES

THESE ARE OFTEN CALLED

NARRATIVES,
ILLUSTRATIONS, OR
ANECDOTES.
HYPOTHETICAL
EXAMPLES

THESE ARE EXAMPLES THAT

DESCRIBE AN IMAGINARY OR
FICTITIOUS SITUATION.
TIPS FOR
USING
EXAMPLES
 1 2

USE USE
EXAMPLES TO EXAMPLES TO
CLARIFY REINFORCE
IDEAS YOUR IDEAS
 3 4
MAKE YOUR
USE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES TO VIVID AND
PERSONALIZE RICHY
YOUR IDEAS TEXTURE
 5
PRACTICE
DELIVERY TO
ENHANCE YOUR
EXTENDED
EXAMPLES
STATISTICS
DEFINITION OF STATISTICS
- a fact or piece of data from a
study of a large quantity of
numerical data
• Research Findings

• Results from a
survey
 USES OF STATISTICS IN A
SPEECH
Using statistics is Statistics can
an effective strengthen a
way to clarify and
speaker's
support ideas
point

Statistics can show

the magnitude or
seriousness of an
issue
YOU CAN'T
ARGUE WITH
NUMBERS
BECAUSE
NUMBERS DO
NOT LIE
IT'S HARD TO TELL
THE TRUTH
WITHOUT STATISTICS
BUT
IT'S EASY TO LIE
WITH STATISTICS
- Andrejs Dunkels
 HOW TO
EVALUATE
STATISTICS FOR
YOUR SPEECH?
• ARE THE STATISTICS
REPRESENTATIVE?
• ARE THE STATISTICS
MEASURES USED
CORRECTLY?
• ARE THE STATISTICS
FROM A RELIABLE
SOURCE?
TIPS FOR
USING
STATISTICS
Use Statistics to Use Statistics
quantify your sparingly
ideas

Identify the Explain your

sources of your Statistics
Statistics
 Round off
complicated
Statistics

Use visual aids

to clarify
Statistical trends
IMAGINE..
.
SPEECH TOPIC:
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER RISK
 “Esophagus esophagus habang
tayo'y kumakain sa hapag kainan
syempre hindi mawawala ang iyong
esophagus mananatili yan pang
habang buhay iingatan
papahalagahan mo yan dadaloy
dadaloy yan sa iyong sinapupunan,
and i thank you”
- KWEEN YASMIN
WOULD YOU
FIND MY
SPEECH
CREDIBLE?
Group 6 BSA-1A
Presented by: Eleanor Fitzgerald
TESTIMONY
TESTIMONY
are the quotations or
paraphrases used to support
a point
 2 MAJOR TYPES OF
TESTIMONY
Expert Peer
Testimony Testimony
 EXPERT
TESTIMONY
comes from people who are
acknowledged authorities in their
fields
 “Esophagus esophagus habang
tayo'y kumakain sa hapag kainan
syempre hindi mawawala ang iyong
esophagus mananatili yan pang
habang buhay iingatan
papahalagahan mo yan dadaloy
dadaloy yan sa iyong sinapupunan,
and i thank you”
- KWEEN YASMIN
 “Esophagus esophagus habang
tayo'y kumakain sa hapag kainan
syempre hindi mawawala ang iyong
esophagus mananatili yan pang
habang buhay iingatan
papahalagahan mo yan dadaloy
dadaloy yan sa iyong sinapupunan,
and i thank you”
- KWEEN YASMIN
 “There has never been solid
evidence that drinking hot liquids
alone will increase esophageal
cancer risk.”
- SMITA
JOSHI
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center (MSK) medical oncologist
and gastroenterologist
 “There has never been solid
evidence that drinking hot liquids
alone will increase esophageal
cancer risk.”
- SMITA
JOSHI
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center (MSK) medical oncologist
and gastroenterologist
 PEER
TESTIMONY
• also referred to as “antiauthorities”
• are opinions of people who are not
prominent figures, but ordinary
citizens who have firsthand experience
on the topic.
 PAM LAFFIN
• a mother of two who died from emphysema-
related lung failure caused by years of
smoking
• appeared in several anti-tobacco
THE STORY OF PAM LAFFIN:
“I CAN’T BREATHE”
 QUOTING
VS.
PARAPHRASIN
G
 DIRECT PARAPHRASIN
QUOTATION G
a testimony that is to restate or summarize a
presented word for word source’s ideas in one’s own
words

Quotations are most effective Paraphrasing is better than

when: quotation when:
• they are brief • the wording of the quotation
• they convey meaning better is obscure or cumbersome;
than you can • a quotation is longer than
• they are particularly two or three sentences
eloquent, witty, or compelling
 DIRECT QUOTATION
Benjamin Franklin once said, "Time is
gold."

PARAPHRASIN
G Franklin, time is
According to Benjamin
as precious as gold.
 DIRECT PARAPHRASIN
QUOTATION G
a testimony that is to restate or summarize a
presented word for word source’s ideas in one’s own
words

Quotations are most effective Paraphrasing is better than

when: quotation when:
• they are brief • the wording of the quotation
• they convey meaning better is obscure or cumbersome;
than you can • a quotation is longer than
• they are particularly two or three sentences
eloquent, witty, or compelling
 DIRECT QUOTATION
William Shakespeare once said, "Life's but a walking
shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour
upon the stage, and then is heard no more. It is a tale
told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying
nothing."

PARAPHRASIN
William Shakespeare Gdescribes life as a brief,
unimportant play, narrated by a foolish character, and
filled with pointless chaos.
 TIPS FOR
USING
TESTIMONY
 Quote or
Paraphrase
Accurately
Make sure you do not misquote
someone; do not violate the meaning
of statements you paraphrase; and do
not quote out of context.
 Use Testimony
from Qualified
Sources
Listeners will find your speeches
much more credible if you use
testimony sources qualified on the
subject at hand.
Use testimony
from Unbiased
Sources
Be sure to use testimony from
credible, objective authorities.
Identify the People
You Quote or
Paraphrase
The usual way to identify your source
is to name the person and sketch his
or her qualifications before presenting
the testimony.
 Citing Sources
Orally
The key is to tell your audience
enough that they will know where you
got your information and why they
should accept it as qualified and
 1. the book, magazine, 2. the author or
newspaper, or web sponsoring
document you are organization of the
citing document

To cite sources orally, you will need to identify some

combination of the following:

3. the author’s 4. the date on which

qualifications with the document was
regard to the topic published, posted, or
updated
 WHAT TO
CONSIDER
BEFORE USING
TESTIMONY
BEFORE USING TESTIMONY,
ASK:
Is the material quoted accurately?

Is the source competent in the field being

consulted?

Is the source biased, or perceived as

biased?

Is the information current?

OTHER TYPES
OF
SUPPORTING
MATERIALS
DEFINITION
“To define means to set limits on
something; on what it means, how the
audience should think about the word,
and/or how you will use it.”

DENOTATIVE VS
“The homes we make are of the
CONNOTATIVE
finest quality.”
“There’s no better place than
home.”
DEFINITION
• Stipulated Definition

"When we say climate change, it is

the long-term increase in Earth's
average surface temperature due to
human activities, such as the burning
of fossil fuels and deforestation,
leading to changes in weather
patterns and environmental
degradation."
 DEFINITION

The human voice: It's the instrument we all play. It's the most
powerful sound in the world, probably. It's the only one that can start
a war or say "I love you."
DESCRIPTION
• It is the use of sensory details, or
answering the five questions of who,
what, where, how, why, when.
• VISUAL (SIGHT)
• AUDITORY (HEARING)
• GUSTATORY (TASTE)
• OLFACTORY (SMELL)
• TACTILE (FEEL)
• KINESTHETIC (MOVEMENT OF THE BODY)
• ORGANIC (EMOTIONS/INNER WORKINGS OF
THE BODY)
 DESCRIPTION

Arriving at the house, we discovered that it was already occupied by a colony of honeybees living
in the wall in between the first and second story we really were it was the literal example of
buyer beware and we weren't really sure what to do. ~Marianne Gee~
NARRATIVE
“Power of
• Narratives, Story”
stories, and
anecdotes
are useful in speeches to interest
the audience and clarify,
dramatize, and emphasize ideas.
• Personal, Literary, Historical or
Hypothetical Narratives
 NARRATIVE

I was a government major, which means I had to write a lot of papers. Now, when a
normal student writes a paper, they might spread the work out a little like this.
~Tim Urban~
 FACTS
VS.
OPINION
SCIENTIFIC AND
HISTORICAL
FACTS "Facts are stubborn things"
~ President John Adams ~

• Fact is a truth known by actual experience or

observation (National Center for Science
Education, 2008).
SCIENTIFIC AND
HISTORICAL
FACTS
• Scientific Facts are observations that have been
repeatedly confirmed and for all practical
purposes accepted as true.
• Historical facts are dates, places, or events that
took place in the past.
SCIENTIFIC FACT VS
HISTORICAL FACT
There is a strong correlation between
imbalances in brain chemicals like serotonin,
dopamine, and glutamate with various
mental health disorders (American
Psychiatric Association, 2020).

Historically, mental illness was often attributed to

demonic possession or supernatural forces.
Treatments were barbaric and ineffective, including
exorcisms, bloodletting, and beatings (National
Library of Medicine, 2015).
 SCIENTIFIC AND
HISTORICAL FACTS

People who experienced a lot of stress in the previous year had a 43 percent increased risk of
dying. But that was only true for the people who also believed that stress is harmful for your
health.
GENERALIZATIO
N
• There are three types of supporting
materials:
⚬ Examples
⚬ Statistics
⚬ Testimony
• Other types of supporting materials:
⚬ Definition
⚬ Description
⚬ Narrative
⚬ Scientific and Historical Facts
GENERALIZATIO
N • General Guidelines for Supporting
Materials
(Adapted from University of Mary
Washington)
⚬ Pertinence
⚬ Variety
⚬ Amount
⚬ Detail
⚬ Appropriateness
 TO BE PERSUASIVE, WE
MUST BE BELIEVABLE; TO BE
BELIEVABLE, WE MUST BE
CREDIBLE; CREDIBLE, WE
MUST BE TRUTHFUL.
-EDWARD R. MURROW.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
• Chapter 7 - Supporting your Ideas Module

• “Chapter 7: Supporting Your Speech Ideas” in “Exploring Public

Speaking: The Free Dalton State College Public Speaking Textbook,

4th Edition” | OpenALG. (n.d.). OpenALG. Retrieved February 14,

2024, from https://alg.manifoldapp.org/read/exploring-public-

speaking-the-free-dalton-state-college-public-speaking-textbook-4th-

edition/section/c261f853-e2ad-439d-814f-fdf882705a31
• Chapter 8: Supporting Your Speech Ideas – Public Speaking for

Today's Audiences. (n.d.). BCcampus Pressbooks. Retrieved February

14, 2024, from

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/speaking/chapter/chapter-8/
• Preparing Supporting Materials - Speaking Intensive Program. (n.d.).

Academics. Retrieved February 14, 2024, from

https://academics.umw.edu/speaking/resources/handouts/preparing-

supporting-materials/
• Show Don't Tell: How to Show Not Tell in Your Writing. (2019,

September 20). Self Publishing School. Retrieved March 9, 2024,

from https://self-publishingschool.com/show-dont-tell-writing/