LEARNING UNIT 3

GASES: THEIR PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR

PRESENTED

BY

MR. PS MOLOSIOA
1/02/2022
 10.1 GASES AND GAS PRESSURE
• The atmosphere that surrounds us is composed of a
mixture of gases (air).

• The air we breath primarily consists of

 Oxygen (about 21%)
 Nitrogen (about 78%)

• These two gases account for more than 99% by

volume of dry air.
• Look at table 10.1 Composition of dry air at sea level.
 Properties of Gases
• Gases have no definite shape or volume.

• Gas mixtures are always homogeneous, they are uniform

in composition

• Gases are compressible

• Gases expands to fill its container.

• Gases are easily compressed (squeezed into a smaller

container).

• Gases are easily compressed because of the space

between the particles in a gas.
 Pressure
• A gas exerts pressure as its molecules collide with the surface
of the container that holds it.

• Pressure – is defined as a force (F) exerted per unit area (A).

Force (F) mxa

Pressure (P) = =
Area (A) A

• The atmosphere exerts pressure on the earth by the collisions

of molecules with every surface it contacts.

• Force – is defined as mass(m) times acceleration (a).

 Pressure
• The SI unit for force is newton (N)
• Where 1N = 1(kg.m)/s2

• SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa)

• Where 1Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1 kg/(m.s2)

The mass of air in the atmosphere pressing down on

the earth’s surface exerts what is called atmospheric
pressure.
 Pressure
• The units of pressure that are commonly used are
 Atmosphere (atm)
 Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or Torr
 Pascal

• The millimeter of mercury is based on atmospheric

pressure measurements using a mercury barometer.

• A barometer consists of a long, thin tube that is

sealed at one end filled with mercury, and then
inverted into a dish of mercury.
 Gas Pressure
• The atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined as
exactly 760 mm Hg.

• Knowing the density of mercury and the acceleration

due to gravity it is possible to calculate the pressure
exerted by the column of mercury in height.

• 1 standard atmosphere of pressure is now defined as

exactly 101,325 Pa.

• 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101,325 Pa

• 1 bar = 100 000 Pa = 100 kPa = 0.986923
 Gas Pressure
• Atmospheric pressure is often measured using mercury
barometer.
• Gas pressure inside a container is often measured using an
open-end manometer. P = 1atm

Hg

barometer manometer
atmospheric pressure pressure of gas in a container
 Gas Pressure
• Manometer – consist of a U-tube filled with mercury,
with one end connected to the gas-filled container
and the other end open to the atmosphere.
 Pgas = Patm, mercury level in both arms is equal.

 Pgas < Patm, the mercury level is higher in the arm

connected to the container. Patm = Pgas + PHg

 Pgas > Patm, the mercury level is higher in the arm open
to the atmosphere. Pgas = Patm + PHg
Hg
 Worked Example 10.1
• Converting between different units of pressure
• Typical atmospheric pressure on top of Mt Everest,
whose official altitude is 8848 m, is 265 mm Hg.
Convert this value to Pascal's, atmosphere, and bars.

• Do practice 10.1
 Worked Example 10.2
OPEN END MANOMETER TO MEASURE GAS PRESSURE

• Example 1
• What is the pressure of the gas inside the apparatus
shown in mmHg if the outside pressure is 750 mmHg?
25 cm
• Example 2 Hg
• Calculate the pressure of gas in a container connected
to a mercury filled opened-end manometer if the
mercury level in the arm connected to a container is
23 cm higher than in the open arm, atmospheric
pressure is 98.54 kPa.
 Worked Example
• Assume that you are using an open-end manometer
filled with mineral oil rather than mercury. The level of
mineral oil in the arm connected to the bulb is 237 mm
higher than the level in the arm connected to the
atmosphere and atmospheric pressure is 746 mm Hg.

(a) Draw a picture of the manometer similar to figure 10.5

(b) What is the gas pressure in the bulb in mm Hg? (The
density of mercury is 13.6 g/mL, and the density of
mineral oil is 0.822 g/mL

• Do Practice 10.3
 10.2 THE GAS LAWS
• Different gases show similar physical behavior regardless
of their chemical makeup.

• Physical properties of any gas can be defined by four

variables: pressure (P), temperature (T), volume (V)
and amount or number of moles (n).

• The specific relationships among these four variables are

called the gas laws.

• Gas whose behavior follows the laws exactly is called an

ideal gas.
 BOYLE’S LAWS
• Boyle’s law: The relationship between gas volume
and pressure.
• Boyles Law – state that the volume of a fixed amount
of gas at a constant temperature varies inversely with
its pressure
 If the gas pressure is doubled, the volume is halved.
 If the pressure is halved, the gas volume doubles.
 1 or PV = k at constant n and T
Vα
P
 BOYLE’S LAWS
• Boyle’s law: P1V1 = P2V2
P = 1.0 atm

P = 2.0 atm

Increase Increase pressure Increase

volume, pressure,
V= 1.0L V
decrease decrease
pressure Decrease pressure volume
V = 0.5 L
 CHARLES’S LAW
• The relationship between gas volume and
temperature:

• Charles’s law – state that the volume fixed amount of

an ideal gas at a constant pressure varies directly with
its absolute temperature
• The volume of a sample of gas is directly proportional
to its temperature (K)

 If the gas temperature is doubled, the volume is

doubled
 CHARLES’S LAW
• If the gas temperature is halved, the volume is halved

• V α T or V
= k (at constant n and P) V1/T1 =V2/T2
T
• The plot of V versus T is therefore a straight line whose
slope is the constant k.

• When temperature is plotted on the celsius scale, the

straight line can be extrapolated to V = 0 at T = -273.15.

• The extrapolation suggest that -273.15 must be the

lowest possible temperature or absolute zero on the
Kelvin scale
 CHARLES’S LAW

The extrapolation suggest that -273.15 must be the

lowest possible temperature or absolute zero on the
Kelvin scale
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
• The relationship between volume and amount
• Avogadro’s law: state that the volume of an ideal gas
at a fixed pressure and temperature depend on its
molar amount.

 If the amount of gas is doubled, the gas volume is

doubled
 If the amount is halved, the volume is halved

V α n or V/n = k at constant T and P

 AVOGADRO’S LAW

Avogadro’s Law also says that: equal volumes of different gases

at the same temperature and pressure contain the same molar
amounts.
For example: 1L container of oxygen contains the same number of
moles as a 1L of helium at the same T and P.
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
• 1 mol of an ideal gas occupies a volume called
the standard molar volume

• The volume of one mole of any gas at STP is

22.4 L at 0°C and exactly 1atm pressure.
 10.3 THE IDEAL GAS LAW
• All three gas laws can be combined into a single
statement called the ideal gas law.

• The ideal gas law – describes how the volume of a

gas is affected by changes in pressure, temperature
and amount.
n: number of moles (mol)
R: gas constant
• PV = nRT or PV = nRT V: volume (L)
P: pressure (atm)
T: temperature (K)
 THE IDEAL GAS LAW
• The ideal gas law can be rearranged in different ways
to take the form of Boyles law, Charles’s law or
Avogadro’s law.
 Boyle’s law: PV = nRT = k (when n and T are constant)

 Charles’s law: V nR (when n and P are const.)

= =k
T P
 Avogadro’s law: V RT
= = k (When T and P are
n P Constant)
 THE IDEAL GAS LAW
• Where R is the gas constant = 0.08206 L.atm/K.mol
• Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
T = 0°C or (273 K) 1 mole of gas is → V = 22.4 L
P = 1 atm

PV (1.000 atm) (22.4 L) L.atm

R= = = 0.082106
nT (1 mol) (273 K) mol.K

= 8.3145 J/(K.mol) when P is in pascals and V is in cubic meter

 Worked Example 10.4
• How many moles of gas (air) are in the lungs of an
average adult with a lung capacity of 3.8L? Assume
that the lungs are at 1.00 atm pressure and a normal
body temperature of 37°C.

• In a typical automobile engine, the mixture of

gasoline and air in a cylinder is compressed from 1.0
atm to 9.5 atm prior to ignition. If the uncompressed
volume of the cylinder is 410 mL, what is the volume
in milliliters when the mixture is fully compressed?
• End here
 Practice 10.7
• How many moles of methane gas, CH4, are in a storage
tank with a volume of 1.0 x 105L at STP? How many
grams?

• Problem 10.8

• An aerosol spray an with a volume of 350 mL contains

3.2 g of propane gas (C3H8) as propellant. What is the
pressure in atmospheres of gas in the can at 20°C
 10.4 STOICHIOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS
WITH GASES
• Ideal gas law can be used in stoichiometric
calculations with chemical reactions.

• Most gas calculations are just applications of the

ideal gas law in which three of the variables P, V, T
and n are known and the fourth variable can be
calculated
 Worked example 10.6
• Calculating the volume of gas produced in a
chemical reaction.
• How many liters of N2 gas at 1.15 atm and 30°C are
produced by decomposition of 45.0 g of NaN3?

• 2NaN3(s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)

 Practice 10.11
• Carbonated bearing rocks like limestone (CaCO3)
react with dilute acids such as HCl to produce carbon
dioxide, according to the equation.

• CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

• How many grams of CO2 are formed by complete
reaction of 33.7 g of limestone? What is the volume
in liters of this CO2 at STP.
 STOICHIOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH
GASES
• Using gas law it is possible to calculate properties
such as density and molar mass.

• Gas density changes dramatically with temperature

and pressure.

• Gas density values are commonly reported at STP.

• The ideal gas law can be used to convert a density

measured at any temperature and pressure to its
value at STP.
 Gas Density
• An equation relating gas density to molar mass can
be found by rearranging the ideal gas law.

• Gas density d = m = PM
• V RT
 Gas Density: For example
• If a sample of ammonia gas weighs 0.672g and
occupies a 1.000L bulb at 25°C and 733.4 mm Hg
pressure, calculate the density at STP.

• An unknown gas found bubbling up in a swamp is

collected, placed in a glass bulb, and found to have a
density of 0.714g/L at STP. What is the molar mass of
the gas?

• Do practice 10.13 and 10.14

PARTIAL PRESSURE AND DALTON’S LAW
• Dalton’s Law: state that the total pressure exerted by a
mixture of gases in a container at constant V and T is
equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each
individual gas in the container.

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + … where P1,P2 refer to the pressures

each individual gas would have if it were alone

• The individual pressure contributions of the various gases

in the mixture P1, P2, P3 and so forth are called partial
pressures.
PARTIAL PRESSURE AND DALTON’S LAW
• These P1, P2, P3 refer to the pressure each individual
gas would exert if it were alone in the container.

n1RT n2RT n3RT

P1= P2= P3=
V V V
PARTIAL PRESSURE AND DALTON’S LAW
• Rewriting Dalton’s law to indicate that the total
pressure depends only on the total molar amount of
gas not on the chemical identities of the individual
gases.
PTotal = (n1 + n2+ n3 + …) (RT/V)
 The concentration of any individual component in a
gas mixture is expressed as a mole fraction (X).
PARTIAL PRESSURE AND DALTON’S LAW
• Mole fraction (X) – is define as the number of moles
of the component divided by the total number of
moles in the mixture.

• Mole fraction (X) = moles of component

• total moles in mixture
• The mole fraction of component 1 is
• X1 = n1 = n1
• n1 + n2+ n3… ntotal
PARTIAL PRESSURE AND DALTON’S LAW
• Because n = PV/RT
• This equation can be written this way:

• X1 = P1 (V/RT) = P1
• ptotal (V/RT) Ptotal

• This can be rearranged to solve for P1 the partial

pressure of component 1:
• P1 = X1 . P total
 WORKED EXAMPLE
• At an underwater depth of 250ft, the pressure is 8.38
atm. What should the mole percent of oxygen in the
diving gas be for the partial pressure of oxygen in the
gas to be 0.21 atm, the same as in air at 1.0 atm?

• Do problem 9.14
• What is the mole fraction of each component in a
mixture of 12.45 g of H2, 60.67g N2, and 2.38g of
NH3?
 Worked Example 10.8
• Calculating Partial Pressure
• A 1.50 L steel container at 90°C contains 5.5 g H2,
7.31 g of N2 and 2.42 g NH3. What is the partial
pressure of each gas and the total pressure in the
container?
 Practice 10.15
• Nitrox is a gas mixture used by scuba divers to
prevent nitrogen narcosis, a loss of mental and
physical function, caused by increased levels of
dissolved nitrogen in the blood. The mole fraction of
O2 is 0.36, and the mole fraction of N2 is 0.64 in a
10.0 L tank with a pressure of 50 atm at 25° C.

(a) Calculate the partial pressure of O2 and N2.

(b) Calculate the number of moles of O2 and N2.
 Properties of Gases
• The gas laws are mathematical equations that predict
how gases behave.

• For example:
• Why does gas expand when its temperature is
increased?
• To understand this behavior a model has been
proposed in order to understand their physical
properties.
• That model is called Kinetic Molecular Theory.
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
• Is a mathematical model used to explain the
behavior of gases (the properties of an ideal gas).

• The theory of moving molecules gives an

understanding of pressure and temperature at a
molecular level.

• This theory is based on the following assumptions:

1. Gases are made up of tiny particles, either atoms or
molecules randomly at a rapid motion
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
2. Average Kinetic energy of the gas particles depends
on temperature (Kelvin K).

3. Collisions of the gas particles, either with other

particles or with the walls of a container, are elastic.

4. Gas particles have no volume.

5. No attractive or repulsive forces between gas
particles.

6. More collision = greater pressure

 10.7 GRAHAM’S LAW: DIFFUSION AND
EFFUSION OF GASES
• Diffusion: is the mixing of different gas molecules by
random molecular motion with frequent collisions.

• Effusion: Is a process in which gas molecules escape

without collisions throughout a tiny hole into a
vacuum. e.g the leaking of gas from gas cylinder.
 GRAHAM’S LAW
• Graham’s Law – state that the rate of effusion of a
gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its
mass.

• In other words, the lighter the molecule the more

rapidly it effuses.

• Graham’s Law
• Rate of effusion α 1
√m
 GRAHAM’S LAW
• In comparing two gases at the same temperature
and pressure it results to this equation:
Rate1 = m2
Rate2 m1
• m2 the mass of the heaviest compound.

• m1 the mass of the lightest compound

• Different gases at the same temperature have the

same average kinetic energy
 GRAHAM’S LAW
• The average speeds of the molecules in two gases
vary as the inverse ratio of the square roots of their
mass.
• ugas1 = m1
• ugas2 m2

• The rate of effusion of a gas is proportional to the

average speed of the gas molecules.
 Problem 1
 What is the rate of effusion of He to N2?
MM of He = 4g/mol
MM of N2 = 28g/mol

28 = 2.646
4

- Meaning He effuses 2.646 times faster than N2.

 Practice 10.17
 Which gas in each of the following pairs diffuses more
rapidly, and what are the relative rates of diffusion?
a) Kr and O2
b) N2 and acetylene (C2H2)

 Practice Problem
 An unknown gas effuses 1.73 times faster than krypton.
What is the molar mass of the gas? Identify the gas.
THANK YOU