❑ Copernican Revolution

❑ Darwinian Revolution
INTELLECTUAL ❑
❑
Freudian Revolution
Information Revolution
REVOLUTIONS THAT ❑ Mesoamerican
Civilization
DEFINED SOCIETY ❑ Asian Civilization
❑ Middle East Civilization
❑ African Civilization

DR. JULIUS JAY N. RODRIGUEZ,

LPT, MAT
Faculty, NEUST CAS-MSD
Learning Objectives:

At the end of the unit, you should be able

to:
1. identify intellectual revolutions that defined
society;
2. explain the paradigm shift in the history;
and
3. appreciate contributions of some selected
world civilizations like in Mesoamerican, 2
What is intellectual revolution?
⮚ The term "Intellectual Revolution" is used to refer to
Greek speculation about the "nature" in the period
before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE).
⮚ The alternative, technical terms are "pre Socratic" or
"non-theological" or "first philosophy".
⮚ It is the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It is
where the scientific beliefs that have been widely
embraced and accepted by the people where challenged
and opposed.
3
Three characteristic features of this form of
speculation:

1.The world is a natural

‘whole’.
2.There is a natural 'order‘.
3.Humans can 'discover'
those laws. 4
 Three intellectuals who significantly changed
the views about the world and human:

Nicolaus Charles Darwin Sigmund Freud

Copernicus (1473- 5
1543) (1809-1882) (1856-1939)
Copernican
Revolution

Nicolaus
Copernicus
(1473-1543)
Copernican Revolution
⮚ This caused the paradigm shift in the
field of astronomy of how the earth
and sun were placed in the
heavens/universe (from a geocentric
understanding of the universe, centered
around Earth, to a heliocentric
understanding, centered around the 7
 Geocentric Model
⮚ Aristotle and Claudius
Ptolemy, an Egyptian
astronomer, mathematician, and
geographer supported and
introduced the geocentric model
in the 6th Century.
⮚ It described the absolute
perception of the universe with
earth as its center which was
thought to be true by most of 8
 Geocentric Model
⮚ the Earth is the center of the
universe and it is stationary;
⮚ the planets, the Sun, and the stars
revolve around the Earth;
⮚ the circle and the sphere are
“perfect” shapes, so all motions in
the sky should follow circular paths,
which can be attributed to objects
being attached to spherical shells;
⮚ objects obeyed the rules of “natural
motion,” which for the planets and
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the stars meant they orbited around
 Heliocentric Model
⮚ In the 16th century, Nicolaus
Copernicus, a mathematician
and an astronomer was the first
to explain the observed looping
(retrograde) motion of planets,
by replacing a geocentric model
of the Universe with a
heliocentric model.
⮚ It proved the idea that the sun is
the center of the solar system 10
 Heliocentric Model
⮚ Retrograde motion was simply a perspective
effect caused when Earth passes a slower
moving outer planet that makes the planet
appear to be moving backwards relative to
the background stars.
⮚ Thus, retrograde motion occurs over the
time when the sun, Earth, and planet are
aligned, and the planet is described as
being at opposition – opposite the sun in the
sky.
⮚ This is why retrograde motion is referred to
as “apparent retrograde motion” by many.
Nothing is changing in the planet’s motion, 11
12
Darwinian
Revolution

Charles Darwin
(1809-1882)
Darwin’s Theory of
Evolution
What is Evolution?
The process by which
organisms change over
time as a results of
changes in heritable
physical or behavioral
traits. 14
Natural Selection

15
Darwin’s Theory of
Evolution
What is Natural
Selection?
▪ Charles Darwin’s theory
of evolution states that
evolution happens by
natural selection.
▪ The theory is sometimes
described as "survival of 16
Content of Darwin’s
Theory of Evolution
1. All organisms are related and
have descended from a
common ancestor
2. Variation in a population help
different species to survive
3. The animals that do survive and
reproduce are better adapted
organisms (survival of the
fittest)
4. Random genetic mutation occur 17
“
It is not the
strongest the
species that
survive nor the
most intelligent but
the one most
responsive to 18
Freudian
Revolution

Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
Freudian Revolution
⮚ Freudian revolution may be viewed as the discovery
of a way of locating in the mind objective entities
which can be studied like physical things.
⮚ Sigmund Freud, a father of psychoanalysis and one
of the 20th century’s most influential thinkers,
developed the idea of psychoanalysis that helped in
understanding human behavior, especially
neurological conditions.
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♦ Freud-believed that mental illness is a result of
nurture, not nature.

He asked the question:

“What makes people do things?”

Answer: MOTIVATION

Needs motivate human behavior (food, shelter,

clothing…)
The human mind has 3 aspects which
influence behavior:

22
 Three Component Parts of the
Mind

ID
⮚ It is made up of unconscious
psychic energy that works to
satisfy basic urges, needs,
and desires. It is the only
part of the personality that is
present at birth and that this
primitive component of
personality existed wholly 23
 Three Component Parts of the
Mind

EGO
⮚ It is the conscious part of the
mind (Rational Self). Decides
what action to take for
positive means and what to
do based on what is believed
is the right thing to do. Aware
of reality.
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 Three Component Parts of the
Mind

SUPEREGO
⮚ It is composed of people’s
internalized ideals acquired
from parents and society.
⮚ The superego works to
suppress the urges of the ID
and tries to make EGO
behave morally, rather than
realistically. 25
Information
Revolution
Information Revolution
⮚ Accompanied the history of mankind
and began as early as 3000 BC with
Sumerian Pictographs.
⮚ Triggers profound changes both in the
way of lives and in a way perceive self
as human beings.
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Information Revolution
Milestone on Information Revolution are:
⮚ 1455, Johannes Gutenberg’s invention on printing
press
⮚ Early 1830s, Charles Babbage worked on Analytical
Engine
⮚ During 1870s, Invention of the first telephone
⮚ During World War II, Alan Turing refining the concept of
algorithms and computation using Turing Machine.
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Contributed the Turing test concerning the possibility
Mesoamerican
Civilization
Mesoamerican Civilization
⮚ Located in region and cultural area in the Americas
⮚ Contributed greatly in agriculture( as early as 7000 BC)
⮚ Transition from hunter- gatherer tribal groupings to the
organization of sedentary agricultural villages.
⮚ Main food source were beans, corns, & squash (triad of
products known as the “ three sisters”; introduce the
rotational crops and slash-and-burn aided in retaining the
nutrients in the soil.
⮚ Cacao, important crop because used as trade currency 30
Mesoamerican Civilization
⮚ Cotton plant & rubber trees used for making culturally
significant products like textile (vibrant colors) and
rubber balls (used in performance games) due to ritual
significance.
⮚ Created chinampas (plots of mud and soil placed on
top layers of thick water vegetation)
⮚ First to use irrigation techniques.
⮚ First one to create calendar (like civil calendar or Haab
and Tzolkin Calendar). 31
Asian Civilization
Asian Civilization
⮚ Asia bore two of the world’s great early civilizations: From
India & China.
⮚ About 4000 years ago, civilization arose in the Indus
River valley.
⮚ People used weapons and utensils made of bronze and
copper.
⮚ Birth of the two world’s known religion: Hinduism &
Buddhism.
⮚ Hinduism, based on Vedas ( 4 sacred books; believed 33
Asian Civilization
⮚ In Buddhism, praise Buddha (meaning “The
Enlightened One”) who is in the person of Siddharta
Gautama (believed that human greed and
selfishness lead to human pain).
⮚ Another religion Confucianism, developed along the
Huang Ho riverbank in Northern China, based on
the teaching of Confucius.
⮚ Created the Great Wall of China, built to protect
34
from invasions of “barbarians” from other parts of
Middle East
Civilization
Middle East Civilization
⮚ Considered as the home to the “Cradle of Civilization”( seen world’s
oldest cultures and civilization).
⮚ First to practice intensive year-round agriculture and currency-
mediated trade as opposed to barter.
⮚ Gave the rest of the world the first writing system.
⮚ Laying the foundation for astronomy and mathematics.
⮚ First generalized government and law codes.
⮚ Invented the clay cylinder seals (on which little pictures of objects
could be recorded.
⮚ Early writings evolved from pictures baked on clay tablets. 36
African Civilization
African Civilization
⮚ According to some historian, Africans were nothing more than
savages whose only contributions to the world were farming
and slaves.
⮚ Lineage and culture of achievements have emerged at least
40,000 years ago in Africa. Some were the following:
⮚ Developed modern concepts in mathematics like the first
method of counting.
⮚ People in present-day Zaire and Yoruba (now Nigeria) developed
Numeration system 8,000 years ago.
⮚ Yoruba system lauded this system because it required much 38
African Civilization
⮚ African Stonehenge ( in present-day Kenya) constructed around
300 BC the remarkably accurate calendar.
⮚ Dogon people of Mali have various astronomical discoveries like
the Saturn’s rings, Jupiter’s moon, spiral structure of the Milky
Way and the orbit of the Sirius Star.
⮚ Built great architectural Monuments along the Nile like Great
Pyramid of Giza, Great Sphinx of Giza, great cities like in
Zimbabwe & Mozambique (made of massive stone complex and
huge castle-like compounds existed).
⮚ Empire of Mali boasted impressive cities including Tumbuktu 39
with grand palaces, mosques & UNIVERSITIES in 13th century.
African Civilization
⮚ In Medicine, some practices were: use of plants with salicylic
acid for pain, kaolin for diarrhea, and extracts that confirmed to
kill Gram-Positive bacteria.
⮚ Other plants used had anticancer properties, caused abortion,
and treated malaria.
⮚ Some medical procedures performed in ancient Africa:
Vaccination, autopsy, limb traction and broken bone setting,
bullet removal, brain surgery, skin grafting, filling of dental
cavities, installation of false teeth, anesthesia and tissue
cauterization.
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Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
[email protected]
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