Introduction To Fluids
Introduction To Fluids
Applications
Vijay Gupta
Professor, Sharda University
Honorary Professor, I I T Delhi
Ex-Professor, I I T Kanpur
Lecture 1 Fluid and Its Properties
Learning Objectives:
• Principal concerns of the subject of Fluid
Mechanics
• Distinguishing properties of fluids
• Newton law of viscosity
Two Concerns of Fluid Mechanics
• A fluid applies forces on objects when it moves past them.
• Conversely, we need to apply a force to move an object
through a fluid.
4
Pressure
5
Drag – a force opposing the motion
Lift – a force normal to relative
velocity
Side force
Drag
Lift
Weight
Lift propelling the boat forward
Wind
direction
Direction
of motion
Propulsive
thrust
‘Drag’ on sail
‘Lift’ on
sail Side force
causing side slip
Resultant
force
Lift propelling the boat forward
Mast
Jib
Main sail
Video clip
Formula One Racing
Drag
Lift
Thrust
Motility of a sperm
What is a fluid?
Solids vs. Fluids: Solids
F1 F2
θ1
θ2
Fixed
Deformation ~
𝛾
𝑑𝑉 𝑥
y 𝑑𝑦
𝛿 𝑦 𝛿𝑡
x
Stationary
Deformation in time is
Rate of deformation is
Newton Law of Viscosity
Shear stresses in fluids are proportional to the rates
of shear strain:
For the parallel-plate geometry shown earlier:
, or ,
Therefore,
or,
Vo
Penetration of the effect of motion of the bottom plate
due to action of viscosity.
Effect of Viscosity
Penetration depth increases with time.
Calculate:
• Linear velocity of inner cup →
• Velocity gradient →
R
• Shear stress → d
Learning Objectives: