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Introduction To Fluids

Introduction to fluid flows

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4 views

Introduction To Fluids

Introduction to fluid flows

Uploaded by

vg3162
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

Fluid Mechanics and Its

Applications

Vijay Gupta
Professor, Sharda University
Honorary Professor, I I T Delhi
Ex-Professor, I I T Kanpur
Lecture 1 Fluid and Its Properties

Learning Objectives:
• Principal concerns of the subject of Fluid
Mechanics
• Distinguishing properties of fluids
• Newton law of viscosity
Two Concerns of Fluid Mechanics
• A fluid applies forces on objects when it moves past them.
• Conversely, we need to apply a force to move an object
through a fluid.

• Fluid motion modifies the rate of transfer of heat or vapour


from a surface.
3
Forces in fluids
Buoyancy force

4
Pressure

A force normal to a surface

5
Drag – a force opposing the motion
Lift – a force normal to relative
velocity

Side force
Drag

Out-swing of Mitchel Starc


Lift – a force normal to relative
velocity

Lift

Air moving down

Weight
Lift propelling the boat forward
Wind
direction
Direction
of motion
Propulsive
thrust

‘Drag’ on sail

‘Lift’ on
sail Side force
causing side slip
Resultant
force
Lift propelling the boat forward
Mast

Jib
Main sail

Large area results in


Rudder large drag even at a
Keel
small relative speed
Oscillating forces

Wind speed about 70 kmph


Bridge at Tacoma Narrows in Washington state, USA, 1940
The Much Stiffer Replacement
Human vocalization

Air from lungs To oral cavity

Video clip
Formula One Racing

•Front wing design


•Nose cone design
•Tail wing design
Swimming

Drag
Lift
Thrust
Motility of a sperm

Size of human sperm ~ 50 μ


Speed of sperms ~ 200 μm/s
Chimney for a nuclear plant

•Calculating the dimensions required to generate a draft


enough to obtain the required cooling
Efficacy of a face mask
The primary way of person-to-
person corona virus
transmission is via aerosols or
small droplets created by
breathing, sneezing or
coughing. The reach of
exhaled air can be effectively
reduced using a face mask.
Schlieren imaging technique is
applied to visualize the air flow
caused by a person breathing
and coughing.
a

What is a fluid?
Solids vs. Fluids: Solids
F1 F2

θ1
θ2

Fixed
Deformation ~

Deformation ~ applied shear force


Resisting force ~ deformation
Solids vs. Fluids: Fluids
F V

•Since there is an equilibrium velocity (more the velocity larger


•This
• •The
means
upperthatplate
mere deformation
keeps of fluid does notfluid
build up
The equilibrium
the force), velocity
a resisting force is on
V moving,
increases
developing and
asfor
the the
shear
sure. keeps
force F on
resisting forces.No equilibrium state – but an equilibrium velocity
deforming.
increases.
• TheV of the plate.
resisting force is, thus, dependent not on deformation, but
on deformation rates.
Fluids
A fluid does not resist shear force by acquiring an
equilibrium strain, but by acquiring an equilibrium rate of
strain.

A fluid deforms continually under the action of a shear


force, but at a rate determined by the magnitude of the
shear force and the fluid properties.
Fluids
A fluid at rest (or in uniform motion) cannot
sustain any shear force.
Stresses in Fluids in Motion
When a fluid is in motion, there may exist shear stresses as well.
Rate of Deformation
Moving with velocity Vo

𝛾
𝑑𝑉 𝑥
y 𝑑𝑦
𝛿 𝑦 𝛿𝑡

x
Stationary
Deformation in time is

Rate of deformation is
Newton Law of Viscosity
Shear stresses in fluids are proportional to the rates
of shear strain:   
For the parallel-plate geometry shown earlier:

, or ,

The constant of proportionality μ is termed as viscosity, and is


a material property
Viscosity
dVx
 
dy

Therefore,

or,

Units: kg/m∙s [= Pa∙s]


Other units: Poise = 10−1 Pa∙s ; centipoise (cp) = 10-3 Pa.s
Viscosity of water at room temperature is 1 cp
Typical Values of Viscosity
Air 0.00185×10-3 Pa.s (0.0185 cp)

Gasoline 0.29×10-3 Pa.s (0.29 cp)


Water 1.00×10-3 Pa.s (1.00 cp)
Mercury 1.55×10-3 Pa.s (1.55 cp)

SAE 30 motor oil 440×10-3 Pa.s (440 cp)


Effect of Viscosity
Stationary

Vo
Penetration of the effect of motion of the bottom plate
due to action of viscosity.
Effect of Viscosity
Penetration depth increases with time.

Action of viscosity is like a process of diffusion.

The viscous action of the fluid resists the motion of


the lower plate. At the steady-state, the fluid
attempts to drag the upper plate to the right.
A Rudimentary Viscometer
Measure torque required to rotate the inner cup at a measured RPM

Calculate:
• Linear velocity of inner cup →
• Velocity gradient →
R

• Shear stress → d

• Force on small element →


• Torque on small element →
• Integrate to find total torque
Classification of fluids based on
Stress-rate of strain relationship
Ideal solid Bingham plastic
Shear stress, τ
Ideal plastic
Pseudoplastic
Newtonian fluid
Dilatant

Ideal (non-viscous) fluid


Rate of strain,
Non-Newtonian Effects
Rod Climbing
In a Newtonian fluid, inertia would dominate and
the fluid would move to the edges of the
container, away from the rod. Here, however, the
elastic forces generated by the rotation of the
rod (and the consequent stretching of the
polymer chains in solution) result in a positive
normal force - the fluid rises up the rod. The
bulbous shape remaining at the end of the video
is the onset of instability as the mass that has
been forced up the rod relaxes and overcomes
the force pushing from below.
Non-Newtonian Effects
Die swell:

Die swell for a 2.0%


aqueous solution of
polyacrylamide. The
liquid fall under gravity
on exiting the
capillary.
Non-Newtonian Effects
0.5 %
Poly
Open Siphon:
Ethylene Extensional-viscosity
Oxide
effect. Only the slightest
spilling will part empty the
beaker.
Next presentation:
Fluid-Flow Phenomena

Learning Objectives:

• Appreciating the wide variety of fluid flow


phenomena
• Unique role of Reynolds number

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