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Lecture 4

Biosignals and Systems: lecture 4

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Shereen Elmetwally
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11 views

Lecture 4

Biosignals and Systems: lecture 4

Uploaded by

Shereen Elmetwally
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Impulse Response

and Convolution

Lecture 4
Linear Time Invariant (LTI)
Systems
 Linear system. A linear system is one that
acts linearly on inputs.
 Iff1(t) and f2(t) are inputs to the system with
outputs y1(t) and y2(t), respectively, then the
input f1 + f2 produces the output y1 + y2.
 And, for any constant c, the input cf1(t)
produces output cy1(t).

 In other words:
Input c1f1 + c2f2  Output c1y1 + c2y2,
i.e. linear combinations of inputs produces a
linear combination of the corresponding outputs.
Linear Time Invariant (LTI)
Systems
 Time invariance.
 Suppose a system takes input signal f(t)
and produces output signal y(t). The
system is called time-invariant if the
input signal g(t) = f(t - a) produces output
signal y(t - a).
f(t)  y(t)
f(t – a)  y(t – a)
 i.e., an input now will give the same
output as the same input later.
Impulse Response
 The impulse response of a network, that is, the
output (voltage or current) of a network when
the input is the impulse or delta function.

 Consider a network whose input is δ(t), and its


output is the impulse response h(t) . The input-
output relationship can be represented as the
block diagram shown above.
Impulse Response

u(t) Network y(t)


….. u(t4) u(t3) u(t2) u(t1) u(0) h(t)
….. u(t4) u(t3) u(t2) u(t1) u(0)
….. u(t4) u(t3) u(t2) u(t1) u(0)
u (τ) ….. u(t4) u(t3) u(t2) u(t1) u(0)

0 t1 t2 t3 τ
u (-τ) u(-τ+t)

τ t t t t τ
Convolution
 LTI systems can be completely characterized by
their impulse response :

y (t )

 The integral is known as the convolution integral.


 It states that if we know the impulse response h(t)
of a LTI system, we can compute the response to
any input u(t) using either of these integrals.
 It is denoted as:
Graphical Evaluation of the
Convolution Integral
 The convolution integral is more conveniently evaluated by the graphical
evaluation. The procedure is as follows:
Graphical Evaluation of the
Convolution Integral
Example:
The signals h(t) and u(t) are as shown in figure.
Compute u(t) * h(t)
Graphical Evaluation of the
Convolution Integral
Solution:

First: Form the mirror image of u(τ)

Second: Form u(t - τ ) by shifting u(-τ) to


the right by some value t

Third: Multiplication of u(t - τ ) by h(τ) for


each value of t, and computation of the
area from -∞ to ∞.

At t = 0
Graphical Evaluation of the
Convolution Integral
Solution, cont.
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
 The integral of the product is denoted
by the shaded area, and it increases
as point A moves further to the right.

 The maximum area is obtained when


point A reaches t = 1.

 Using the convolution integral: The area


as a function of time is
Graphical Evaluation of the
Convolution Integral
Solution, cont.
For 1 ≤ t ≤ 2
 As we continue shifting to the right, the area starts
decreasing, and it becomes zero at t = 2 since there is no
overlap between the two signals.

 Using the convolution integral:


Graphical Evaluation of the
Convolution Integral
Solution, cont.
 The convolution of these signals for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 is

as shown.
Linear Time Invariant Systems
and the Transfer Function
 A LTI system can be described by a linear
differential equation with constant coefficients of the
form:

y(t) denotes the system output and


u(t) denotes the system input.

 The system is called time-invariant because the


parameters of the system are not changing over
time and an input now will give the same output
as the same input later.
Linear Time Invariant Systems
and the Transfer Function
 Applying the Laplace transform on the linear
differential equation with null initial conditions we
obtain:

 The function

is called the system transfer function.

 Impulse response
Example

x
,
Obtain system transfer function and response due to
unit step input.
Solution:
Taking Laplace transform of both sides

Transfer function:
 For a unit step input: X(s) = 1/s

Using partial fraction expansion

:Thus, the response to unit step is


𝑡≥0

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