SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Name of College

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT

SHAPED THE SOCIETY

EDMAR A. TACATA
Faculty-in-Charge
The series of events that led to the emergence of
modern science and the advancement of scientific
thinking across critical periods in history is known as
an intellectual revolution. The three most important
intellectual revolutions that changed how humans
perceive science and its effects o society are (1) the
Copernican Revolution, (2) the Darwinian
Revolution, (3) the Freudian Revolution
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Department of Mathematics and natural
Sciences
Copernican Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and

astronomer who proposed that the Sun, rather than the Earth,
was the center of the solar system. This type of model is
known as heliocentric system. “ Commentariolus” he
introduced the heliocentric model in 1543, he published his
treatise, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ( The
Revolution of Celestial Sphere), which aims to expound and
promote the heliocentric system.

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Department of Mathematics and natural
Sciences
Copernicus heliocentric model repositioned the earth
from the center of the solar system and introduced the
concept of the earth rotating on its own axis. The
model depicted the earth, along with other celestial
bodies, rotating around the sun. Copernicus like
Aristotle and Ptolemy, believed with other celestial
bodies, rotating around the sun in perfect circles.
However, the fact that he centered the sun was a
revolutionary idea in astronomy at the time.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Department of Mathematics and natural
Sciences
His idea was met with opposition and persecution from the Church, which
accused Copernicus of heresy, but the heliocentric model was quickly
accepted by other scientists of the time, most notably Galileo Galilei. The
Copernican Revolution made a significant contribution. It acted as a catalyst
in shifting scientific thinking away from age-old beliefs about the Earth's
position in relation to an enlightened understanding of the Universe. This
marked the start of modern astronomy. Though it took a long time, the
heliocentric model eventually gained acceptance among other astronomers,
who refined the model and contributed to the recognition of heliocentrism. A
century later, Isaac Newton's work completed the circle. As a result, the
Copernican Revolution was a watershed moment in the study of cosmology
and astronomy, making it a truly significant intellectual revolution.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Department of Mathematics and natural
Sciences
Charles Darwin was a naturalist, geologist, and biologist from England.
Darwin's view of life, as expressed in The Origin of Species (1859), was
diametrically opposed to traditional beliefs. Natural Selection: Over
generations, a population can change if individuals with certain heritable
traits produce more viable offspring than others. A process by which
organisms, including humans, inherit, develop, and adapt traits that aid in
survival and reproduction. Darwin proposed that each bird was descended
from a species found on the mainland. This is referred to as Common
Descent. Darwin's theory of evolution was controversial, with critics
claiming that it was either too short to account for the broad and complex
evolutionary process, or it dismissed the idea that the functional design of
organisms was a manifestation of an omniscient God.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Department of Mathematics and natural
Sciences
Freudian Revolution
The Psychoanalysis Theory was developed by Sigmund
Freud, an Austrian neurologist. Psychoanalysis is a
psychological school of thought. This is a scientific method of
understanding inner and unconscious conflicts that arise from
the individual's free associations, dreams, and fantasies. It
emphasized the existence of the unconscious, which contains
feelings, thoughts, urges, emotions, and memories outside of
one's conscious mind. His psychoanalytic methods,
particularly in relation to the importance of sexuality in human
behavior
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Department of Mathematics and natural
Sciences
The adult personality emerges as a composite of early childhood
experiences, based on how these experiences are processed
consciously and unconsciously within human developmental stages,
and how these experiences shape the personality. Scientists who use a
biological approach to study human behavior have criticized
psychoanalysis as a theory that lacks vitality and borders on being
unscientific. The idea that all humans are destined to have Oedipus
and Electra complexes (i.e., sexual desire for the parent of the
opposite sex and exclusion from the parent of the same sex) did not
appear to be supported by empirical data. In the same vein, critics
perceived psychoanalysis to be more of an ideological stance than a
scientific one.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Department of Mathematics and natural
Sciences
Despite controversy, Freud's psychoanalysis
is widely regarded as having dominated
psychotherapeutic practice in the early
twentieth century. Psychodynamic therapies,
which treat a wide range of psychological
disorders, are still heavily influenced by
Freud's work on psychoanalysis.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Department of Mathematics and natural
Sciences