Statistical Process on How to Gather

Statistical Data
In gathering statistical data for data
analysis, the researcher:
1. must identify first the
subject of the study.
2. determine the scope and
coverage of the subject of
the study
Statistical Process on How to Gather
Statistical Data
3. determine their population
or sample size
4. determine the sampling
techniques to be employed
and
5. prepare the necessary data
gathering instruments for
purposes of investigation.
THE POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Populatio
n
Population – it refers to0 a
group or aggregates of
people, a collection of all
possible members of a set of
individuals , objects or
measurements.
Sample- is a part or portion
of the population.
50% plus one technique
Sampling is advisable if the population is
equal to or more than 100, total
enumeration is applicable if the population
is less than 100
80% of the population is a safe sample
 The Slovin’s Formula
n = N
1 + Ne2
where n = a sample size
N = population size
e = desired margin of error (percent
allowance for non-precision because
of the use of the sample instead of
the population)
Example 1:

If N =1000 ; e = 5%
n = ___1000____
1+ 1000( .05)2
= ___1000____
1+ 1000( .0025)
= 1000
1+25
= 286 the number subjects needed for
investigation at 5% allowable
error.
Example 2:
N=1000 ; e = 15%
n= ___1000____
1+ 1000( .15)2
= ___1000____
1+ 1000( .0225)
= 1000
1+22.5
= 43 the number subjects needed at
15% allowable error.
This increase in allowable error brings the
decrease in sample size provided it will not
be less than 30.
Example 3:

The researcher would like to

conduct a study on administrators’
performance in State Universities
and Colleges (SUCs) in Region VI.
The distribution of population and
sample size of academic
administrators in State
Universities and Colleges in
region VI presented in table 1.
 State Universities and Colleges Ni Pi ni
1.Aklan State University 6 0.086 5
2.Carlos A. Hidalgo Memorial State College 5 0.071 4
3. Guimaras State College 3 0.043 2
4. Iloilo State Colleges of Fisheries 7 0.100 6
5. Northern Iloilo Polytechnic College 9 0.129 8
6. Capiz State University( Formerly Panay 14 0.200 12
State Polytechnic College
7. Polytechnic State College of Antique 10 0.143 9
8. Western Visayas State College of Science 7 0.100 6
and Technology
9. West Visayas State University 9 0.129 8
Total 70 1.00 nt=60
Determining the sample size in State
Universities and Colleges:
Step 1. Calculate sample size using
Slovin’s equation. Set the allowable
error to be 5% that would give
confidence level of 95%.

2. Calculate the proportion (Pi) of the

distribution of academic administrators
in every SUC using the equation:
Pi = Ni
Nt
Where :
Pi = proportional number of academic
administrators in every SUC.
Ni = population of academic administrators
in every SUC
Nt = total number of academic administrators
in State Universities and Colleges in Region
VI
3. Calculate the number of academic
administrators required in every SUC, by
using the equation:
ni = Pi (nt)
where:
n1 = the required sample size for every SUC
Pi = the proportion of the distribution of the
required number of academic
administrators in every SUC.
nt = the sample size or the representative
number of the academic administrator in
Region VI.
Sample size formula

Where
Ss = sample size
N= population
V = standard value
Se = sampling error
p= largest possible population
The total population (N) is 850, the standard
value at 1 percent level of probability is 2.58
with 99 percent reliability with sampling
error (Se) of 1 percent (1%) or 0.01 and the
proportion (p) of a target population is 50
percent ( 50%) or 0.50.Then compute the
sample size:
 Workshop # 1

1.A researcher is conducting an

investigation regarding the
factors affecting the efficiency
of the 185 faculty members of
a certain college. If he wanted
to have a margin of error of
5%, then how many faculty
members should be taken as
respondents.
2.If the population is 950,
compute for the sample size
given the margin of errors of 1%,
5%, 10%, and 15 % and 30%.
3. Compute the sample size for different population
(N) at 0.01 level of probability to a proportion 0.50
N Sample size N Sample
Size
100 750
150 825
200 875
250 1000
325 1500
425 2000
500 3500
625 4000
675 4500
4. Below are the distribution of permanent faculty of
University of Rizal System .Compute the desired
sample size for each campuses. α= 0.05
URS Campus Ni Pi
ni
Angono 32
Antipolo 18
Binangonan 45
Cainta 7
Cardona 7
Morong 236
Pililla 41
Rodriguez 41
Tanay 83
Taytay 5
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Sampling is the method of getting a

representative portion of a population
 Benefits of Sampling
1. Sampling is economical, cheaper, and
faster.
2. It saves time, money and effort
3. It is more accurate
4. It gives more comprehensive
information
5. It is more effective
 Sampling Techniques

Scientific Sampling, each

member in the population is given equal
chance of being included in the sample.
A. Scientific Sampling (Random Sampling)

Random Sampling is a method of

selecting sample size from a universe such
that each member of the population has an
equal chance of being included in the
sample
1. Restricted Random Sampling
This sampling designs involves
certain restrictions intended to
improve the validity of the
sample.
Applicable only when the
population being studied is
homogeneous.
2. Unrestricted Random Sampling

This is best random sampling

design due to no restrictions
imposed and every member of
the population has equal chance
of being included in the sample.
This type of sampling technique uses with the
concept of lottery method of getting the
samples.
2.1a. Sampling w/o replacement-
in which the drawn papers are no
longer returned in the container.
2.1b Sampling with replacement-
involves returning to the
container
every piece of paper drawn.
2.2 Table of Random Numbers
The most systematic technique for
getting sample units at random
The Random Table contains columns
of digits that have been mechanically
generated usually by a computer to
assure random order
 3. Stratified Sampling
This types of scientific sampling divides
first the population into two or more strata .
For each stratum, the sample items are
drawn at random.
 STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
•Example: Suppose that a population of household heads is
to be sampled considering both gender and income:

Population Sample

Male Female Total Male Female Total

High 160 40 200 16 4 20

Average 500 100 600 50 10 60

Income
Low 140 60 200 14 6 20

Total 800 200 1000 80 20 100

ILLUSTRATION

B B

C
D
 4. Systematic Sampling
In this , the individuals in the
population are arranged in a
methodical manner, i.e.,
alphabetical, chronological ( age,
academic rank), and nth name is
selected as sample.
- A sampling technique in which
individuals are selected from a list
by taking every “kth” name. What
is the kth name? That depends on
what K is, if K= 4 selection involves
taking every 4th name, if K= 10,
every 10th name, and so forth.
ILLUSTRATION

Systematic
Sample

Population
 5. Multistage Sampling
This type of scientific sampling design is
done in several stages. It can be two-stage,
three-stage, four-stage, five-stage and
many others depending on the number of
sampling to be used.
In this type , the population individuals
are arranged in hierarchy of units and
sampling is done consecutively.
 Multistage Sampling
Example: In nationwide study,
the regions are selected as first stage,
provinces , second stage
municipalities, third stage
barangays, fourth stage.
Hence, there are four stages
 6. Cluster Sampling
In this type of scientific sampling design,
the population is grouped into clusters or
small units. For instance, blocks or
districts, in a municipality or city
composed of population individuals and
are chosen either random sampling or
systematic sampling.
 B. Non-Scientific Sampling
(Non-Random Sampling)

Non-Scientific Sampling, not all

members of the populations are given
equal chance of being included in the
sample.
 1. Purposive Sampling

The technique of choosing participants

according to the purpose of the research
Usually utilizes on researches involving
especial populations
For example, in a study on NSAT
Performance of Science
Students, the researcher can
study only those students
belonging to a high
socioeconomic status or those
with average socioeconomic
status, but not a representative
of all students.
 2. Quota Sampling
A set of characteristics for the
population is first identified, set the
target sample size and choose
participants in a non-random
manner.
 3. Convenience Sampling
A technique used considering the
convenience of the researcher in
assigning participants
 4. Accidental /Incidental
Sampling
The design applied to those
samples which are taken because
they are most available
For example, the researcher would like
to conduct a survey on which brands of
toothpaste are top seller in Region IV,
the researcher has to identify the peak
shopping hours in a certain mall and
standby at the exit gate and interview
the number of shoppers who came out
about the brand of toothpaste they
bought until the researcher has met the
desired sample size.
 Thank You…

Prepared by:
W. R.
Lomangaya,Ph.D.