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Biological Molecule

biological molecules notes for o levels

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6 views20 pages

Biological Molecule

biological molecules notes for o levels

Uploaded by

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biological

molecule
What is Nutrition?

 Nutrition is the science that interprets the nutrients


and other substances in food in relation to
maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and
disease of an organism. It includes ingestion,
absorption, assimilation, metabolism and excretion.

 Mode of nutrition
 Autotrophs: they make their own food e.g plants,
some bacteria, algae
 Heterotrophs: they consume food from others e.g
human. Animals etc
 Saprophytes: decomposers, live on dead matter
Nutrients

 a substance that provides nourishment essential for


the maintenance of life and for growth.
 7 Components of food
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fats Organic (C-H bonds)
3. Proteins
4. Vitamins (C and D)
5. Minerals ( Ca and Fe)
6. Water Inorganic
compounds
7. Roughage /fibre
Carbohydrates

 Carbo – carbon …….. Hydrate- water (H2O)


 Carbohydrates, also known as saccharides or
carbs, are sugars . They are a major food source
and a key form of energy for most organisms.
 They consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms.
C:H:O,1:2:1
 Found in wheat, rice, barley, fruits, vegetables,
bread, pasta etc
Three types

Simple Complex storage


sugar sugar
1 molecule of 2 molecules More than 3
sugar
Molecules formation
Functions
Food test for reducing
sugars
Reagent: Benedict solution
(to test mono and disacchrides (except sucrose)
all reducing sugars)
Chemical present: Contain blue copper sulphate CuSO4
Test:
Sample+ heat ------- observe the color
Blue-----blue -ve test
Blue------ green----yellow----orange-----brick red +ve test
Starch test

Reagent: iodine from


potassium iodide solution

Food component: starch

Test:
Brown --------- blue black
(+ve)
Brown -------- brown (-
ve )
Proteins
 Element make up: C,H,O,N
 Protein (complex)------polypeptides----amino acids
 Sources: meat, grains, pulses, cheese, milk etc
 Function:

 Deficiency causes kwashiorkor


 Symptoms: swollen abdomen, scaly skin, lean body.
Food test of proteins

 Biuret test
 Reagent: Biuret solution ; CuSO4+NaOH light
blue color
 Test: blue-----remain same –ve test
blue------violet/purple/lilac +ve test
Fats
 Element make up: C.H O.. (oxygen in very less amount)
 Fats-------3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
Fats / lipids

 Sources: cheese,
milk, oil, butter etc
 Function:
Food test of lipids/ fats

 Oil Emulsion test:


Oil+water+ethanol -------white cloudy formation
DNA
 Describing DNA Structure DNA, or deoxyribonucleic
acid, is the molecule that contains the instructions for
growth and development of all organisms
 It consists of two strands of DNA wound around each
other in what is called a double helix
 The individual units of DNA are
called nucleotides
 All nucleotides contain the same phosphate and
deoxyribose sugar, but differ from each other in
the base attached
 There are four different bases, Adenine (A), Cytosine
(C), Thymine (T) and Guanine (G)
 The bases on each strand pair up with each other,
holding the two strands of DNA in the double helix
 The bases always pair up in the same way:
 Adenine always pairs with Thymine (A-T)
 Cytosine always pairs with Guanine (C-G)
 The phosphate and sugar section of the
nucleotides form the ‘backbone’ of the DNA
strand (like the sides of a ladder) and the base
pairs of each strand connect to form the rungs of
Itthe ladder
is this sequence of bases that holds the code for the
formation of proteins
Nutrition and food test

 watch this video

 Video
 Video

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