EXTERNAL GUIDE MR. K. MURALI MOHAN ADE, 400KV SUB-STATION.

INTERNAL GUIDE MR. D. TULASI KUMAR H.O.D OF E.E.E, SSIT.

THE ASSEMBLY OF APPARATUS USED TO CHANGE SOME CHARACTERISTICS (I.E. VOLTAGE A.C TO D.C., FREQUENCY, POWER FACTOR) OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY IS CALLED A

SUBSTATION

SUBSTATION

GENERATING

TRANSMISSION

DISTRIBUTION

 Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation Ltd. Has a great significance of transmits bulk power from four decades. In this way they constructed number of sub-stations for transmitting bulk power.  Visakhapatnam consists of National Thermal Power

Corporation Ltd. Known as SIMHADRI Power plant. The plant generates 2*500 MW power.  The substation is collaborated by J.B.I.C a Japanese company.  The substation is spread over vast land about 100 acres and the yard length is 900 meters. According to the area the substation is second largest in ASIA.  It has been taken by four incoming lines from NTPC. The power is transmitted to Vemagiri, Khammam and Power grid. The 400KV is step down to 220KV and transmitted to Visakha dairy farm and Vizag Switching Station.

A Transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which electric power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit.

Circuit breakers are mechanical devices designed to close or open contact members, thus closing or opening of an electrical circuit under normal and abnormal conditions.
There are two methods of arc extinction in circuit breakers.  High resistance method  Low resistance or Current zero interruption SF6 Circuit Breaker :

 PNEUMATIC mechanism is used

 Short circuit earthing current is 40KA  Operating impulse with stand voltage is 1425KV  Operating sequence is 0 0.3 sec CO - 3 min CO  Air pressure is 31.5 bar  SF6 GAS pressure is 7.0 bar

Isolators are disconnecting switches which can be used for disconnecting a circuit under no current condition.
They are generally installed along with the circuit breaker. A Isolator, can be opened after the circuit breaker. There are different types of isolators Now let us discuss about two types of isolators which are used in this sub-station.

Lightning arresters are equipments which are connected between the conductor and ground, to discharge the excessive voltages to the ground.
It operates on the fact that a thin film of aluminium hydroxide is deposited on the

aluminium plates immersed in electrolyte acts as a high resistance to a low voltage but a low resistance to a voltage above a critical value.

Current transformers used in conjunction with ammeter, over current relays, etc. which step downs the current from high level to low value.
Core number Core operation 1 Bus-bar protection 1 2000 2000A 1A --PS 2 Spare one 3 Used for metering 1 2000 2000A 1A 40VA 0.5 4 Main II distance protection 1 1000 2000A 1A --PS 5 Main I distance protection 1 500 2000A 1A --PS

Primary turns Secondary turns Rated primary current Rated secondary current Current output Accuracy class

1 1000 2000A 1A --PS

Oil level gauge

Primary terminal

Expansion chamber

Porcelain insulator

Secondary terminal box Core container Core

Capacitor Voltage Transformers are used for line voltmeters, synchroscopes, protective relays, etc. which step downs the voltage from high level to low value. The capacitors connected in series act like potential dividers provided the current taken by the burden is negligible compared with the current passing through the series connected capacitors. Core 1: rating is 400kv/3/110/3 used for Main I distance protection Core 2: rating is 400kv/3/110/3 used for Main II distance protection Core 3: rating is 400kv/3/110/3 used for metering.

Reactor is an inductive reactance in comparison

to its resistance and is used for limiting short circuit during fault conditions. Reactors are used to reduce the magnitude of voltage disturbances caused by short circuits.
Type of cooling Rated power Rated voltage Rated current phases frequency Impedance ONAN 63MVAR 420KV 82A 3 50Hz 2800 Ohm/Ph

The PLCC is mainly used for telecommunication, teleportection and tele-monitoring between electrical substation through power lines at high voltages such as 110 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV.

The PLCC (Power line carrier communication) equipment contains wave-trap, tuning unit, coupling capacitor etc.

The supply available in nature is alternating which is not stored in any form. If the AC supply failed then there is no supply to relay coils .This needs availability of DC supply. Boost charging: When there is a sudden drop in the voltage/also when there is considerable fall in voltage the charger will automatically switch on to boost charging mode from float charging mode. Float charging: This is a constant charging mode means these batteries will be constantly being charged when there is no load it takes less current. And these cells have to be charged continuously so that they will not get discharged. As these has to supply DC supply when there is a fail in AC supply.

In generating stations, receiving stations and substations, the control and relaying equipment is installed in control-rooms.
The panels are divided on the bases of type of the operation it done they are:  Panel with Mimic Diagram.  Relay Panel. The type and number of relays depends on requirements.  Instrument pane. Indicating ammeter, voltmeter, energy meter, their selector switches, recording instruments, if any, fitted on instrument panel.  Synchronizing panel.  Automatic voltage regulator panel

The Transformer is the main equipment which has to be protected mainly in the power system. They are different faults in it, these are
 THROUGH FAULTS  INTERNAL FAULTS EXTERNAL FAULTS INCIPIENT FAULTS

Incipient faults bellow oil level resulting in decomposition of oil, faults between phase to phase and ground. Saturation of magnetic circuit Earth faults Though faults Overloads High voltage surges due to lightning

1. Buchholz relay sounds alarm (Gas actuated relay). 2. Percentage differential protection. 1. Over fluxing protection 2.Over voltage protection Differential protection. Graded time lag over current relay. Thermal overload relays. 1. Surge arresters 2. R-C surge suppressors

Buchholzs relay is gas actuated relay used for protecting oil immersed transformer against all types of internal faults.
 Buchholz relay is provide for transformers above 500kVA rating.  Which is fitted in pipe leading to the conservator.  The minimum operating time of the equipment is 0.2sec.  Which is inclined in between 100 to 110 with the transformer tank.  Mercury switch is immersed in it for closing alarm switch.  It gives alarm when oil level reduced to certain level due to internal faults.

The DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION Is used for power transformers is based on MERZ-PRICE circulating current principle. It responds to vector difference between to similar electrical quantities.
 It provides protection against internal phase-to-phase and phase-toearth faults.  It generally generally used for transformers of rating exceeding 2MVA.  Mostly the operation is carried out by current difference.  The two basic requirements of differential relay connections must satisfy these are..  It must not be operated for external or load faults  It must operate for internal faults

For the transformer differential protection an ABB make RADSB relay which is fully digitalized numerical relay. This protective relay is intended for all types of auto transformers.
C.T R Y B Y TRIP COIL KICK FUSES PILOT WIRES POWER TRANSFORMER C.T R Y B TRIP COIL

RELAY OPERATING COIL

Earth Fault Relay connected in residual circuit of line CTs provide protection against the earth faults on the delta or unearthed star connected windings of the power transformers. CTs
 It provide in parallel with the secondaries of CTs of protected line.  Operating current is 15% of rated winding current.

F-2 Neutral CT I1 I2

F-1 Stabilising resistor

 For this protection the relay used is RADHD

Earth fault relay

When the power transformers are over excited the leakage flux increases and this results in heavy hysteresis and eddy current losses in non-laminated parts of transformer. This leads to temperature raise and causes insulation failure and hence flash over will occur. The main causes for over fluxing are. Power transformers directly connected to alternators subjected to over excitation which are during start up or shut down operation. Over fluxing condition in a transformer can occur during system over voltage and / or under frequency conditions (V/F)  For over fluxing protection the relay here used is ABB made RALK.

The BUS-BAR in electric power stations and substations are the one of the most vital elements. The bus-bar protection needs special attention because of the following reasons.
 Faulty level at bus-bars is very high.  The fault on the bus-bars would result in widespread supply interruption.  The system stability is adversely affected by fault in bus zones.

Method

Particulars

Bus-protection by over current High-set instantaneous over current relays, of connected circuits. relays and earth fault relays, or definite time relays. Static protection Back-up protection Over voltage protection Surge voltage protection Rapid reliable, no problems of CT structure Over current protection or distance protection. Inverse overvoltage relays Surge arresters

The principle of operation is the current entering and leaving are compared continuously. It involves choosing of impedence high enough to stabilize the relay for high fault currents.
 For the busbar protection we are using ABB make RADSS which is fully digitalized numerical relay  This is a high speed , sensitive moderately high impudence differential relay. Operating time for fault detection is 1-3 m.sec and for tripping 8-13 msec.

The probability of faults occurrence on the overhead lines is much more due to their greater lengths and exposure to atmospheric conditions.
The transmission lines have the following protection schemes.
 Distance protection Main I distance protection Main II distance protection  Over voltage protection Stage I Stage II  Auto reclosures  Breaker falure relay

To detect excessive voltage rise on transmission lines, usually 400Kv- 800Kv systems. The relay would typically be time delayed to prevent unnecessary tripping for voltage rise of short duration. The relay can also be used for generator over voltage protection.
For this protection an ABB make RXEG 21 is used Main features:  Flash over protection.  >= 97% for operation on over voltage.  High over load capacity.  Wide frequency response.

RELAY is an electrical device designed to initiate isolation of part of an electrical installation, or to operate an alarm signal, in the event of an abnormal condition or a fault.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Circuit Breaker Relay Trip coil of C.B Trip circuit Battery Current transformer 7. Potential transformer

 When fault occurs CT or PT step-down the corresponding parameter(I or V)  This quantity is passed to the corresponding relay.  Which produce the magnetic field to close the trip circuit.

R CT

C.B

 After closing of the trip switch closed trip circuit is formed.  Battery discharge the energy and magnetize the trip-coil of the C.B.  Due to this circuit breaker is opened due to this supply is turned off.

R CT

C.B

There are basically three types of relays these are.. Static relays. Electromagnetic relays. Numerical relays.
The Static Relay is a relay which incorporates solid state component like transistors, diodes etc. for the measurement of comparison of electrical quantities. In Electromagnetic Relays, there are one or more coils, movable elements, contact system etc. The operation of such relay depends on whether the operating torque/force is greater than the restraining torque/force.

Operation of the Impedance Relay is independent of the phase angle between V and I. The operating characteristic is a circle with its center at the origin and hence the relay is non-directional

Reactance relay measures V/I sin when ever the

reactance measured by the relay is less than the set value the relay operates. The operating characteristic on R-X diagram.

Mho relay is a directional impedance relay,

also known as admittance relay. Its characteristics on R-X diagram is a circle whose circumference passes through the origin. This relay is inherently directional and it only operates for fault in the forward direction.