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Lecture 6-3

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16 views

Lecture 6-3

ggg

Uploaded by

ashkar299
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Lecture 6

Academic year 2023-2024


TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
INTRODUCTION

Transmission lines and waveguides are used in


communication as wired media (or channels) to guide the
electromagnetic energy from one point to another. A
transmission line consists of two or more conductors
separated from one another by a dielectric, like air,
pressurized gas or an insulating material such as
polythene, teflon.
Waveguide consists of a hollow tube, which is either
rectangular, or cylindrical. Transmission lines are
usually used to guide transverse electromagnetic waves
(TEM), whereas waveguides are used to guide
transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM)
waves.
TRANSVERSE MODES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Electromagnetic waves were described as energy that


radiates from a source or as oscillations that
propagate through the free space with a velocity of
light (3× m/s). It was also said that an
electromagnetic wave consists of an electric field E
and magnetic field H that are at right angles with
each other.
Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Mode
The concept of transverse electromagnetic waves (TEM)
was also introduced, where it was said that the electric
field E and the magnetic field H oscillate in phase with each
other and are perpendicular to the direction of propagation,
z; that is, the direction of propagation is at right angle with
both electrical and magnetic field. This means that there is
no longitudinal (or z-directed) electric and magnetic fields;
that is, Ez and Hz are zero.
Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Mode (cont.)
This mode of propagation is used by most of the
transmission lines and its cut-off frequency is zero.
However, for it to be used in transmission lines, there
must be at least two distinct conductors that are
separated by an insulating material, hence they cannot
propagate in a waveguide.
Transverse Electric (TE) Mode
In transverse electric (TE) mode, there is no longitudinal
or z-directed electric field, whereas the magnetic field is
present in the direction of propagation; that is, Ez = 0,
and Hz ≠ 0, hence TE waves are also referred to as H-
waves. This mode of propagation is used by waveguides
and some transmission lines and its cut-off frequency is
greater than zero.
Transverse Magnetic (TM) Mode
In transverse magnetic (TM) mode, there is no
longitudinal or z-directed magnetic field, whereas the
electric field is present in the direction of propagation;
that is, Hz = 0, and Ez ≠ 0, hence TM waves are also
referred to as E-waves. This mode of propagation is used
by waveguides and some transmission lines and its cut-
off frequency is greater than zero.
WAVEGUIDES AND MICROWAWE TRANSMISSION LINES

Transmission lines are devices that guide


electromagnetic waves from one place to another. For
lower frequencies, two wire transmission lines are used.
This type of a transmission line is limited to low
frequencies due to radiation loss at high frequencies.
their main drawback is limited power-handling
capabilities.
To overcome some of the problems mentioned above,
waveguides are used at microwave frequencies because
of their all-round characteristics, which are better than
most of the transmission lines, especially when it come
to power-handling capabilities
In addition to the waveguide, other types of microwave
lines include miniature class of transmission lines which
are designed for higher frequencies up to millimetre
wave bands. These include the microstrip, stripline and
coplanar waveguide.
Waveguides
A waveguide is a hollow metal tube that is used for
guiding electromagnetic waves. Unlike a coaxial cable,
waveguide utilises no inner conductor, but relies on the
tube to guide the waves from the source to their
destination. The common configurations of waveguide are
rectangular, rigid rectangular, circular, and elliptical. The
waveguides are made of good conductors such as copper,
brass, or aluminium.
The inner walls of the waveguide have a very shallow skin
depth resulting in a very little current existing in the
surface of the inner walls of the waveguide, hence little
power is dissipated in the guide; that is, waveguide walls
dissipate negligible small power, thus making them to act
as a mirrors to reflect the waves down the hollow tube.
Rectangular waveguide

The rectangular waveguide is the waveguide with a


rectangular cross section and is the most commonly
used to couple transmitters or receivers to the
antenna.

Rectangular waveguide
Waveguides only propagate frequencies above a given
cut-off, which is determined by the width of the
waveguide. These limits on wavelength and frequency
are given by the following equations, respectively, and
are such that a half-wavelength of the propagated signal
fits in the wide dimension of the waveguide.
END

THANKS

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