Outline

Introduction to
Programming
Chapter 1:
Introduction to computers and C+
+ Programming
Tasneem Dawahdeh
Yarmouk University
Computer Engineering Department

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 2

What is a Computer?

• Computer
– Device capable of performing computations and making
logical decisions
• Computer programs
– Sets of instructions that control computer’s processing of
data
• Hardware
– Various devices comprising computer
• Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM,
processing units, …
• Software
– Programs that run on computer

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 Machine Languages, Assembly 3

Languages, and High-level

Languages
• Three types of computer languages
1. Machine language
• Only language computer directly understands
• “Natural language” of computer
• Defined by hardware design
– Machine-dependent
• Generally consist of strings of numbers
– Ultimately 0s and 1s
• Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
– One at a time
• Cumbersome for humans
• Example:
101001010101001
010100010000010
110010001001001

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 Machine Languages, Assembly 4

Languages, and High-level

Languages
• Three types of computer languages
2. Assembly language
• English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer
operations
• Clearer to humans
• Incomprehensible to computers
– Translator programs (assemblers)
• Convert to machine language
• Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY

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 Machine Languages, Assembly 5

Languages, and High-level

Languages
• Three types of computer languages
3. High-level languages
• Similar to everyday English, use common mathematical
notations
• Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
– Assembly language requires many instructions to
accomplish simple tasks
• Translator programs (compilers)
– Convert to machine language
• Interpreter programs
– Directly execute high-level language programs
• Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

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 6

Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

Program is created in
Editor
Phases of C++ Programs: Disk the editor and stored
on disk.

Preprocessor program
1. Edit
Preprocessor Disk
processes the code.
Compiler creates

2. Preprocess
Compiler Disk object code and stores
it on disk.
Linker links the object

3. Compile
Linker Disk code with the libraries,
creates a.out and
Primary stores it on disk

4. Link
Memory
Loader

Loader puts program

5. Load Disk ..
..
in memory.

..

6. Execute Primary
Memory
CPU
CPU takes each
instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
..
.. values as the program
..
executes.
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 7
A Simple Program: Printing a Line of
Text
• Comments
– Document programs
– Improve program readability
– Ignored by compiler
– Single-line comment
• Begin with //
• Preprocessor directives
– Processed by preprocessor before compiling
– Begin with #

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 8
1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp
2 // A first program in C++. Single-line comments. Outline
3 Function main
#include <iostream> returns an
4 integer
Left brace { begins Preprocessor
value. function directive to
fig01_02.cpp
5 body. program
// function main begins Function include input/output Statements
main appears
execution stream end with a(1 of 1)
6 int main() header
exactly once file <iostream>.
in every C++ semicolon ;.
7 {
8
program..
std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n"; fig01_02.cpp
9 Corresponding right brace } output (1 of 1)
10 return 0; //ends
indicate that
function program ended successfully
body.
11
Name coutStream insertion
belongs to operator.
12 } // end function main
namespace std.
Keyword return is one of
Welcome to C++!
several means to exit
function; value 0 indicates
program terminated
successfully.

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 9
A Simple Program: Printing a Line of
Text
• Standard output stream object
– std::cout
– “Connected” to screen
– <<
• Stream insertion operator
• Value to right (right operand) inserted into output stream
• Namespace
– std:: specifies using name that belongs to “namespace”
std
– std:: removed through use of using statements
• Escape characters
– \
– Indicates “special” character output

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 10
A Simple Program: Printing a Line of
Text

Escape Sequence Description

\n Newline. Position the screen cursor to the

beginning of the next line.
\t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next
tab stop.
\r Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the
beginning of the current line; do not advance to the
next line.
\a Alert. Sound the system bell.
\\ Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
\" Double quote. Used to print a double quote
character.

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 11
1 // Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp
2 // Printing a line with multiple statements.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5
fig01_04.cpp
// function main begins program execution Multiple stream insertion (1 of 1)
6 int main()
statements produce one line of
7 {
output. fig01_04.cpp
8 std::cout << "Welcome ";
9 std::cout << "to C++!\n"; output (1 of 1)
10
11 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
12
13 } // end function main

Welcome to C++!

using statements
Eliminate use of std:: prefix
Write cout instead of std::cout

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 12
1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program executionUsing newline characters to fig01_05.cpp
6 int main() print on multiple lines. (1 of 1)
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n"; fig01_05.cpp
9 output (1 of 1)
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11
12 } // end function main

Welcome
to

C++!

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All rights reserved.
 13
Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Location in memory where value can be stored
– Common data types
• int - integer numbers
• char - characters
• double - floating point numbers
– Declare variables with name and data type before use
int integer1;
int integer2;
int sum;
– Can declare several variables of same type in one declaration
• Comma-separated list
int integer1, integer2, sum;

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 14
Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Variable names
• Valid identifier
– Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
– Cannot begin with digit
– Case sensitive
• C++ keywords cannot be used as identifiers or
variable names

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 15
Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Input stream object
– >> (stream extraction operator)
• Used with std::cin
• Waits for user to input value, then press Enter (Return) key
• Stores value in variable to right of operator
– Converts value to variable data type
• = (assignment operator)
– Assigns value to variable
– Binary operator (two operands)
– Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;

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 16
1 // Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp
2 // Addition program.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program execution
fig01_06.cpp
6 int main() (1 of 1)
7 { Declare integer variables.
8 int integer1; // first number to be input by user
9 int integer2; // second number to be input by user
10 int sum; // variable Use streamsum
in which extraction
will be stored
11 operator with standard input
12 std::cout << "Enter first stream to obtain
integer\n"; // user input.
prompt
13 std::cin >> integer1; // read an integer
14
15 std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt
16 std::cin >> integer2; // read an integer
17
Calculations can be performed inStream
output manipulator
statements: alternative for
18 sum = integer1 + integer2; lines 18 and 20:
// assign result to sum std::endl outputs a
19 newline, then “flushes output
20 std::cout
std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << "Sum //
<< std::endl; is print
" << integer1
sum + integer2 << std::endl;
buffer.”
21
22 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
23
24 } // end function main
Concatenating, chaining or
cascading stream insertion
operations.

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 17
Enter first integer
45
Outline
Enter second integer
72
Sum is 117
fig01_06.cpp
output (1 of 1)

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 18

Memory Concepts

• Variable names
– Correspond to actual locations in computer's memory
– Every variable has name, type, size and value
– When new value placed into variable, overwrites previous
value
– Reading variables from memory nondestructive

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 19

Memory Concepts

std::cin >> integer1; integer1 45

– Assume user entered 45

std::cin >> integer2; integer1 45

– Assume user entered 72 72
integer2

sum = integer1 + integer2; integer1 45

integer2 72
sum 117

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 20

Arithmetic

• Arithmetic calculations
– *
• Multiplication
– /
• Division
• Integer division truncates remainder
– 7 / 5 evaluates to 1
– %
• Modulus operator returns remainder
– 7 % 5 evaluates to 2

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 21

Arithmetic

• Rules of operator precedence

– Operators in parentheses evaluated first
• Nested/embedded parentheses
– Operators in innermost pair first
– Multiplication, division, modulus applied next
• Operators applied from left to right
– Addition, subtraction applied last
Operator(s) • Operators applied fromOrder
Operation(s) leftoftoevaluation
right (precedence)
() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the
expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If
there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level”
(i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % Multiplication Division Evaluated second. If there are several, they re
Modulus evaluated left to right.
+ or - Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they are
Subtraction evaluated left to right.

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