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Definition of Yield, Methods To Find Dependable Yield, Estimation of Maximum Flood Discharge.

Definition of yield, Methods to find dependable yield ,Estimation of maximum Flood discharge.

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16 views

Definition of Yield, Methods To Find Dependable Yield, Estimation of Maximum Flood Discharge.

Definition of yield, Methods to find dependable yield ,Estimation of maximum Flood discharge.

Uploaded by

Tpo Cwit
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Definition of yield, Methods to find

dependable yield ,Estimation of


maximum
Flood discharge.
content
• Introduction.
• Definition of yield.
• Methods to find dependable yield.
• Estimation of maximum flood discharge.
Introduction
• The most important aspect of the design of a
storage reservoir is an analysis of the relation
between yield and capacity. yield is the amount of
water which can be supplied from the reservoir in a
specified interval of time. the interval may vary
from a day for a small distribution reservoir to a
year or more for a large storage reservoir.yield is
dependent upon inflow and will vary from year to
year.
Definition of yield
• Yield- yield is defined as total quantity of
water available from a catchment at the
outlet in the periodic of one year it is
expressed as (million meter cubes).
Methods to find dependable
yield

• Dependable yield represents that value of yield which will be available


for a given number of years per rainfall cycle. There are two methods
of calculating dependable yield. First by assuming certain
dependability percentage and second by adopting rainfall of an
average bad year.
• Dependability percentage- suppose while designing a dam and a
reserve if design but will not utilize the yield few year whereas if
design is based on minimum value of yield it will lead to small height
and low cost of dam but will not utilize the yield full year whereas
design is based on maximum value of yield the height of dam
unnecessarily blocked
• For example if at site minimum and maximum yield is 100 and
500mm^3 in 50 years ,then economy and optimum utilization of
resources the design should be based on dependability percentage
between 100% to 2% small and medium reservoirs are design for
P=60% while larger ones are designed P=75%

• Average bad year – for small project where detailed data is not
available, design may be based on rainfall of average bad year . A bad
year is one in which the rainfall is less than 80% of the average annual
rainfall. Thus rainfall for an average bad year will be equal to 80%of
average annual rainfall & yield available from this rainfall will be
dependable yield ,this method is more approximate than earlier.
ESTIMATION OF MAXIMUM FLOOD
DISCHARGE

• The estimation of maximum flood discharge shall be


based on this maximum recorded rainfall.. Runoff is
defined as the proportion of water out of the total
rainfall in the catchment area running to the water
course, channel or river.
• There are 6 methods to find maximum flood
discharge.
• Method # 1. Catchment-Run-Off Method:
• The catchment area is the command area of a river wherefrom the
river gets the supply of water. The catchment area is computed from
the contour map and the flood discharge is estimated from the “Run-
off ” formula.

• The rainfall is measured by rain gauges in millimetre. From the daily


record of rainfall, annual rainfall for a zone is determined. The annual
rainfall varies from place to place and therefore, the recorded rainfall
for a considerable period, say fifty years, is very useful in getting the
maximum rainfall recorded during this period.
• Method # 2. Empirical Formulae:
• The flood discharge can be evaluated by using various empirical
formulae involving area of the catchment and some coefficient
depending upon the location of the catchment.
• i) Dicken’s Formula
• Qp=CD A 3/4
• This formula (originally devised for Northern India but can now be
used in most of the states of India with the modification of the value
of the coefficient C) is given by:
• This formula is applicable for Madras (Tamil Naidu) State only and as
such gives low value which is not considered
• Comparison of flood discharges worked out by various empiral
formulae:
• Method # 3. Rational Method:
• If R is the total rainfall in cm for a duration of T hours then the mean intensity of rainfall, I in
cm per hour taken over the total duration of the storm is given by
• I = R/T (3.6)

• For a small time interval, t, the intensity of rainfall, i, may be more as may be
evident from Fig. 3.3 since the mean intensity for a small time interval, t, is more
than the mean intensity for the whole time period, T.
• The relation between i and I may be shown as:

• Where C is a constant and may be taken as unity for all practical


purpose.

• If t = one hour and corresponding i is taken as i„ and the value of I is


taken from equation 3.6
• Method # 4. Cross Sectional Area and Bed Slope:
• By this method the discharge is calculated from Manning’s formula,
•

• Where A = the area of cross section of the stream measured from


H.F.L
• n = the rugosity co-efficient.
• R = the hydraulic mean depth and equal to the ratio of cross-sectional
area, to wetted perimeter, P
• S = the bed slope of the stream measured over a reasonably long
distance.
• Method # 5. Area of Cross-Section and Velocity as Observed at
Bridge Site:
• The area of cross-section is measured by taking a series of levels of
the river at H.F.L. at certain intervals. The velocity in this case is
determined at site by direct measurement of the velocity in place of
theoretical calculation from bed slope etc.
• To measure the velocity directly, the river is divided into few sections
width wise and then the velocity for each section is determined by
surface float placed at the centre of each section
• Method # 6. Available Records:
• In some cases it may be possible to have the maximum flood
discharge measured at weir or barrage sites. This value may be
compared with the theoretical worked out value and a final value
may be selected. The flood discharge thus obtained, though very
realistic, suffers from one drawback viz. the age of the record, since
the weirs or the barrages are mostly of recent construction.
• Method # 7.Determination of peak flood discharge using envelop
curves.
• `Dataon Indian rivers was collected and two envelope
curves, one for basins in South India and the other for
northern and central India was developed. Here only
drainage area is considered and other basin characteristics
have been ignored, hence results will not be precise, but can
be used for preliminary guidance. These curves should be
revised time to time as more and more data becomes
available.
• Method # 8. Determination flood by unit hydrograph method
• Hydrograph is a graph in which discharge and velocity is
plotted along Y axis and the time is plotted along X axis. The
time may be in day, month or in hour. From the flood hydrograph we
can find out
• 1. Rate of flood at site at any time.
• 2. Total volume of flood flow
• 3. Maximum rate of flow caused by flood.
• 4. The rise and fall of flood.
Thank you..

Presented by-Hrithik baviskar (161003)

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