PHYSICS

FOR
ENGINEER U L . GA L IC IA

S
DIA N NE L
MA.
• Mathematics and
Physics
• Work, Energy, and Power
• Impulse and Momentum
 OBJECTIVES
D efi ne Ph ys ic s
MATHEMATICS n d e r s t a n d t h e
U
AND PHYSICS M a t h
ro l e o f
e m a t i c s i n
Physics
Understand the use
o f S I u n it s in P h y s ic s

U ti li ze d im e n si o n a l
a n a ly si s in ch e ck in g th e
u n it s in a n sw e rs
PHYSICS
D e fi n it io n

Physics is defined as the natural science that

studies matter, energy, and the fundamental forces
of nature, seeking to understand how the universe
behaves. It encompasses a wide range of
phenomena, from the smallest subatomic particles
to the vastness of galaxies, using mathematical
models and experimental methods to uncover the
underlying principles that govern these phenomena​
(Institute of Physics)​(Virginia Tech Catalog).
PHYSICS
Im p o r t a n c e in
E n g in e e r in g
Physics is crucial to engineering as it provides
fundamental principles for designing, analyzing, and
operating engineering systems. It offers insights
into mechanics, electromagnetism, and
thermodynamics, which are essential for
understanding and improving engineering
processes. Physics enhances problem-solving
abilities, drives innovation in material science, and
helps optimize system performance and efficiency.
Moreover, a solid grasp of physical laws is vital for
ensuring the safety and reliability of engineering
designs, such as ensuring that structures can
support their intended loads.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (n.d.). The Role of Physics
in Engineering. Retrieved from University of Illinois Engineering
PHYSICS r s t a n d in g t h e r o le
Un d e
o f M a t h e m a t ic s in
P h y s ic s
Mathematics is essential in physics asit provides a
precise language for formulating laws and theories.
It helps physicists describe phenomena, predict
outcomes, and solve complex problems. Calculus is
used for analyzing motion and change, linear
algebra for systems with multiple variables,
differential equations for dynamic systems, and
statistical methods for experimental data. Overall,
mathematics is crucial for both theoretical
exploration and practical application in physics,
allowing for accurate and clear models of the
natural world. (Hecht, E. (2016). Optics. 5th ed.;
Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with
PHYSICS n d in g t h e u s e o f
SI Base
Understa
S I u n it s in P h y s ic s Units
SI units are crucial in physics because they provide
a standardized measurement system that ensures
consistency and clarity in scientific work. This
system allows for accurate quantification and
comparison of physical quantities, facilitating data
exchange and collaboration across different fields
and regions. Fundamental units like the meter,
kilogram, and second are essential for precise
measurements of length, mass, and time. Using SI
units helps prevent confusion and errors from
varying measurement systems. (International
System of Units [SI], 2019).
 SI Derived
UnitsUnit
Quantity Symbol Expression in SI
Base Units
Other units, called
derived units, are created
square meter m×m by combining the base
Area m²
units in various ways. For
Volume cubic meter m³ m×m×m example, energy is
measured
meter per
Speed second m/s m × s⁻¹ in joules, where 1 joule
equals one kilogram-
Energy joule J N×m meter squared per
meter per second squared, or 1 J =
Acceleration second
squared m/s² m × s⁻²
1 kg*m2/s2.
Force newton N kg × m × s⁻²
 Find the following:
SI Derived
• Pressure
UnitsUnit
Quantity Symbol Expression in SI
Base Units
•
•
Velocity
Power
square meter m×m • Work
Area m²
• Electrical Charge
Volume cubic meter m³ m×m×m • Electrical Potential
• Capacitance
meter per
Speed second m/s m × s⁻¹ • Resistance
• Conductance
Energy joule J N×m • Magnetic Flux
meter per • Magnetic Field
Acceleration second
squared m/s² m × s⁻² Strength
• Inductance
Force newton N kg × m × s⁻² • Frequency
• Luminous Intensity
PHYSICS e n s io n a l A n a ly s is
U t il iz in g D im
in c h e c k in g t h e u n it s in
a n s wers
Dimensional analysis is a method used in physics
Let’s try a
and engineering to verify the consistency of
equations and formulas by examining the units of
physical quantities. It involves converting all sample
quantities to base units (meters, kilograms,
seconds) and ensuring that both sides of an
equation have the same dimensions. This technique
helps check if equations are dimensionally correct,
problem.
convert units, and spot calculation errors. For
instance, it ensures that the units of velocity
(meters per second) match the dimensions of the P h y s ic s Pr in c ip le s a n d
equation's components. (Kumar, 2023). Pro b le m s p a g e 8 6 1
 In physics, scalar and vector quantities
are fundamental concepts used to

PHYSICS o r Q u a n t it ie s
describe different types of physical
quantities. A scalar quantity is defined
solely by its magnitude, meaning it has
S c a la r a n d Ve c t only a size or amount but no direction.
Examples of scalar quantities include
temperature, mass, energy, and time.
On the other hand, a vector quantity is
characterized by both magnitude and
direction. Common examples include
displacement, velocity, force, and
acceleration. The distinction is
important in physics because vector
quantities require both numerical value
and directional information to be fully
described, which plays a crucial role in
understanding phenomena like motion
and forces in physical systems​ (
The Physics Classroom)​ (
Physics LibreTexts)​(Ducksters).
 In physics, scalar and vector quantities
are fundamental concepts used to

PHYSICS o r Q u a n t it ie s
describe different types of physical
quantities. A scalar quantity is defined
solely by its magnitude, meaning it has
S c a la r a n d Ve c t only a size or amount but no direction.
Examples of scalar quantities include
temperature, mass, energy, and time.
On the other hand, a vector quantity is
characterized by both magnitude and
direction. Common examples include
displacement, velocity, force, and
acceleration. The distinction is
important in physics because vector
quantities require both numerical value
and directional information to be fully
described, which plays a crucial role in
understanding phenomena like motion
and forces in physical systems​ (
The Physics Classroom)​ (
Physics LibreTexts)​(Ducksters).
 LESSON 1: CONCEPTS OF
WORK AND ENERGY
k a n d e n e r g y i n
D e fi n e w o r
WORK, me c h a n i c a l t e r m s .

ENERGY, AND E x p la in h o w fo rc e ,
d is p la c e m e n t , a n d w o r k a re
POWER re la t e d .
Id e n ti fy d iff e re n t ty p e s o f
e n e rg y (k in e ti c, p o te n ti a l,
th e rm a l, e tc .
Solve simple mec
hanical
p ro b l e m s u s i n g w
ork and
e n e rg y c o n c e p t s .
 LESSON 2: WORK-ENERGY
THEOREM
p l a i n t h e w o r k -
S t a t e a n d ex
WORK, ene r g y t h e o r e m .
U s e t h e w o r k -e n e rg y t h e o re m
to
ENERGY, AND fi n d w o r k d o n e b y fo rc e s a n d
c h a n g e s in k in e t ic e n e rg y.
POWER LESSON 3: POWER
De fi n e p o w e r a n d e x p la in it s ro le
in m e ch a n ic a l sy st e m s.
C a lc u la t e p o w e r a s w o r k d o n
e
o v e r t im e in v a r io u s c o n t ex t
s.
Solve problems calculating power
for machines and mechanical
systems.
 LESSON 4: CONSERVATION
OF ENERGY
WORK, S ta te th e p ri n ci p le o f
co n se rv a ti o n o f e n e rg y.
ENERGY, AND
A p p ly e n e rg y c o n s e rv a ti o n to
POWER is o la te d s y s te m s a n d th o s e w it h
e n e rg y tr a n s fe rs .

Solve problems involving

potential and kinetic energy
conversions.
Understand energy dissipation
and its effect on effi ciency.
CONCEPTS OF WORK Work W = Fd

& ENERGY
Work is equal to a
constant force
Define Work and Energy in mechanical exerted on an object
terms.
In mechanics, work is the transfer of energy that happens in the direction of
motion, times the
when a force makes an object move in the direction of the
object’s
force. To calculate work mathematically, we use the
displacement.
formula:
W=F⋅d
where W is the work done, F is the force applied, and d is
the distance the object moves. This formula shows that
work is the result of the force times the distance moved in
the direction of the force. Work is measured in joules (J) in
the International System of Units (SI), where one joule is
equivalent to one newton meter (1 J = 1 N·m). This
concept is important for understanding how energy is
transferred and conserved in mechanical systems.
CONCEPTS OF WORK Work W = Fd

& ENERGY
Work is equal to a
constant force
Define Work and Energy in mechanical exerted on an object
in the direction of
Energy is the ability terms.
to do work or cause change in a
motion, times the
system. It comes in different forms: kinetic energy is
object’s
related to an object's movement, while potential energy displacement.
depends on its position or setup. The key idea in
mechanics is that energy cannot be created or destroyed, Kinetic Energy
only changed from one form to another, according to the KE = 1/2mv^2
first law of thermodynamics (Harris, 2023). Studying
energy means looking at how it moves and changes in The kinetic energy
of an object is equal
both simple machines and more complex mechanical
to 1/2 times the
systems (Smith et al., 2022).
mass of the object
This property, which is the ability of an object to cause change in
multiplied by the
itself or its surroundings, is called energy. When energy results
speed of the object
from motion, it is known as kinetic energy and is represented by
squared.
CONCEPTS OF WORK
& ENERGY
Define Force, Displacement, and Work.
Force is a vector quantity that causes an object to
accelerate, defined as an interaction that changes an
object's motion. Measured in newtons (N), force is
expressed by Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma,
where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration. Force
can be a push or pull on an object.
Displacement is a vector quantity representing the
change in position of an object, defined as the shortest
distance between the initial and final positions, including
direction. Unlike distance, displacement has both
Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2014).
magnitude and direction.
Fundamentals of Physics (10th ed.). Wiley
Young, H. D., & Freedman, R. A. (2014). University
Work is the transfer of energy that occurs when a force Physics with Modern Physics (14th ed.). Pearson
acts on an object causing displacement. It is a scalar Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2018). Physics for
quantity calculated as W=F⋅d⋅cos⁡(θ)), where W is work, F Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics (10th ed.)
is the force, d is the displacement, and θ\theta is the
angle between the force and displacement direction.
CONCEPTS OF WORK
& ENERGY
Explain how Force, Displacement, and
Work are related.
Force, displacement, and work are interrelated concepts in
physics that describe how a force applied to an object can
result in a change in its position. Work is defined as the
product of the force applied to an object and the
displacement of that object in the direction of the force. If
Mathematically, it is expressed as
the force is applied in the same direction as the W=F⋅d⋅cos⁡(θ) where W is work, F is the
displacement, the work done is maximized. Conversely, if magnitude of the force, d is the
the force is perpendicular to the displacement, no work is displacement, and θ\theta is the angle
done. Thus, work provides a measure of the energy between the force and displacement
transfer associated with the movement of an object under vectors (Halliday, Resnick, & Walker,
the influence of a force. 2014).
CONCEPTS OF WORK PE=mgh
where:
• m is the mass of the

& ENERGY object,

• g is the acceleration due
to gravity (approximately
Identify different types of Energy (kinetic, 9.81 m/s^2 on the

potential, thermal, etc.) surface of the Earth),

• h is the height of the
In mechanical engineering, energy utilization spans various object above a reference
point.
types, including kinetic energy for movement and
mechanical work, potential energy stored in systems like
springs or elevated objects, thermal energy in heat engines
and refrigeration systems, and electrical energy in electric
drives and power generation. Additionally, engineers
KE=1/2​mv^2
harness chemical energy in combustion processes for where:
power generation and explore alternative sources such as • m is the mass of the
object,
renewable energy, including solar and wind power, for • v is the velocity of the
sustainable applications. The integration of these energy object.

forms is critical for optimizing system performance and

efficiency across diverse engineering disciplines (Yeh, 2022;
 Problem: A person pushes a box with a constant force

CONCEPTS
of 50 N across a horizontal surface for a distance of 10
meters. Calculate the work done by the person on the
box.

OF WORK
Solution:
1.Identify the known values.
2.Recall the formula for work done.
3.Since the force is applied in the direction of

& ENERGY
1. Force (F) = 50 N Distance (d) = 10
movement.
4.Calculate the work done.

m
2. Work (W)=Force (F)×Distance (d)×cos(θ)
where θ\thetaθ is the angle between the force
Solving Simple Mechanical
and the direction of movement. Problems using Work and
3. cos(θ)=cos(0∘)=1 Energy Concepts.
4. W=50N×10m×1
W=500J Problem 1: Work Done by a Force
Answer: The work done by the person on the box
is 500 Joules (J).
 Problem: A 5 kg block is placed on a frictionless ramp

CONCEPTS inclined at 30 degrees to the horizontal. If the block starts

from rest at a height of 4 meters above the bottom of the
ramp, calculate the gravitational potential energy of the

OF WORK
block at the top of the ramp.
Solution:
1.Identify the known values.
2.Write the formula for gravitational potential energy

& ENERGY
1. Height (h) = 4 meters Mass (m) = 5 kg
(PE).
3.Substitute the known values into the formula.
4.Calculate the result.

Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s²

2. PE=m⋅g⋅h
3. PE=5kg×9.8m/s2×4m
Solving Simple Mechanical
4. PE=5×9.8×4 Problems using Work and
PE=196Joules Energy Concepts.
Answer: The gravitational potential energy of the Problem 2: Sliding Down a Ramp
block at the top of the ramp is 196 Joules.
 Problem: A car of mass 800 kg is traveling at a

CONCEPTS speed of 20 m/s. Calculate the kinetic energy of

the car.

OF WORK Solution:
1.Identify the given values.
2.Use the kinetic energy formula.

& ENERGY
1. Mass (m) = 800 kg Speed (v) = 20 m/s
3.Substitute the given values into the formula.
4.Calculate the result.

2. KE=1/2mv^2
3. KE=1/2​×800kg×(20m/s)^2
4. KE=1/2​×800×400
Solving Simple Mechanical
KE=400×400 Problems using Work and
KE=160,000J Energy Concepts.
Answer: So, the kinetic energy of the car is Problem 3: Basic Kinetic Energy Calculation
160,000 Joules (J).
WORK-ENERGY
THEOREM
State and explain the work-energy
theorem.
The work-energy theorem states that the work done on an
object by the net force acting on it is equal to the change
in its kinetic energy. Mathematically, it can be expressed
as Wnet=ΔK, where Wnet is the net work done on the
object, and ΔK is the change in kinetic energy. This
theorem highlights that the work performed on an object
Let’s try a
results in a change in its velocity, thereby altering its
kinetic energy. It is a fundamental principle in classical
mechanics that connects the concepts of force and energy.
sample
According to modern physics texts, this theorem is
foundational for understanding energy transformations
and conservation in various physical systems (Serway,
problem.
Raymond A., and John W. Jewett, Physics for Scientists and
 Problem: A 2 kg object is initially at rest and is

WORK- pushed by a constant force of 10 N for 5 meters.

Determine the final velocity of the object.
Solution:

ENERGY 1.Identify the known values.

2.Use the work-energy theorem.
3.Calculate the work done.

THEOREM 4.Calculate the change in kinetic energy.

5.Find the final velocity

Solve on Solving Simple Mechanical

Problems using Work and
Energy Concepts.
the board. Problem 4: Work-energy theorem
 WORK-
Problem: A car of mass 1000 kg accelerates from rest
to a speed of 20 m/s. Calculate the work done on the
car and its kinetic energy at the final speed.
Solution:

ENERGY 1.Identify the known values.

2.Calculate the kinetic energy at the final speed.
3.According to the work-energy theorem, the work

THEOREM
done (W) on the car is equal to the change in
kinetic energy.

1. Mass (m) = 1000 kg Initial speed (u) = 0 m/s Final speed (v) =
20 m/s
2. Kinetic Energy (KE)=1/2​mv^2
KE=21​×1000kg×(20m/s)2
KE=21​×1000×400
Solving Simple Mechanical
KE=500×400 Problems using Work and
Energy Concepts.
KE=200000J
3. W=Final KE−Initial KE
Initial KE=21​mu2=21​×1000×0=0J
W=200000J−0J
Problem 5: Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy
W=200000J
Answer: The work done on the car is 200,000 Joules (J), and the Theorem
kinetic energy of the car at 20 m/s is also 200,000 Joules (J).
POWER
Defining power and explaining its role in
mechanical systems.
Power in physics is defined as the rate at which work is
done or energy is transferred over time. Mathematically, it
is expressed as P=W/t​, where P is power, W is work done,
and t is the time taken. In mechanical systems, power
plays a crucial role in determining the efficiency and
performance of machines and engines. It quantifies how
quickly a system can perform work, such as lifting a
weight, driving a vehicle, or operating machinery. High
Let’s try a
power output in mechanical systems indicates a higher
rate of work done, which is essential for tasks requiring
significant force and speed. Power is integral in the design
sample
and analysis of mechanical systems, influencing aspects
such as torque, rotational speed, and energy consumption problem.
(Serway, Raymond A., and Jewett, John W. Physics for
 Context: A person runs up a hill, increasing their potential

POWER energy by 5000 joules in 50 seconds.

Calculating power as
work done over time in
various contexts.
Context: An electric motor does 3600 joules of work Context: A car engine performs 50,000 joules of work
in 1 hour. in 10 seconds.

Try it yourself!
 Problem

POWER A motor lifts a load of 500 kg to a height of 10 meters in

20 seconds. Calculate the power output of the motor.
Solution
Solving problems calculating 1.Calculate the Work Done: The work done (W) to lift the

power for machines and load is given by the formula:

W=m×g×h
mechanical systems. where:
⚬ m = mass of the load = 500 kg
P=49,000J/20s​=2,450W ⚬ g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s²
⚬ h = height = 10 m
Converting to kilowatts (kW): So:
P=2,450W÷1,000=2.45kW
W=500kg×9.8m/s2×10m=49,000J
Answer:
2. Calculate the Power Output: Power (P) is the work done
The power output of the motor is 2.45 kW. divided by the time (t):
P=W/t
where:

Try it yourself!
• W = work done = 49,000 J
• t = time = 20 s
So:
CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
Stating the principle of conservation of
energy. Etotal​=KE+PE=constant
The Principle of Conservation of Energy asserts that in a Where:
closed system, the total energy remains constant; it • Etotal is the total mechanical energy of the
cannot be created or destroyed but can only change system.
• KE is the kinetic energy of the system, given by
forms. This principle is fundamental in mechanical KE=1/2mv^2, where m is the mass and v is the
engineering, particularly for analyzing and designing velocity.
systems like engines, where mechanical energy is often • PE is the potential energy of the system, which
could be gravitational potential energy, given by
converted into thermal energy or work. An example is a PE=mgh, where g is the acceleration due to
pendulum, where potential energy is converted to gravity and h is the height above a reference
kinetic energy as it swings, with the total energy point.

remaining constant, barring losses due to friction or air

resistance. This concept is essential for ensuring the
efficiency and functionality of mechanical systems
 Solving problems involving
CONSERVATION potential and kinetic energy
conversions.
OF ENERGY Problem: A ball is dropped from a height of 20 meters. Assuming
there is no air resistance, find the velocity of the ball just before it
Applying energy conservation to hits the ground.

isolated systems and those with Solution:

1.Identify the Given Information:
energy transfers. • Initial height, h=20 meters
• Initial velocity, vi=0 m/s (since the ball is dropped)
(Halliday, Resnick, & Walker, • Final velocity, vf​(to be determined)
Key Points: 2014) (Young & Freedman, 2019) • Acceleration due to gravity, g=9.8m/s²
• Isolated Systems: Energy conservation means the total 2. Apply the Principle of Conservation of Energy:
energy remains constant. Example: A pendulum’s mechanical The total mechanical energy (sum of potential energy and kinetic
energy (kinetic + potential) stays the same as it swings, energy) is conserved. Therefore, the initial potential energy will
assuming no air resistance or friction. convert into kinetic energy as the ball falls. (Solve the remaining on
• Energy Transfers: In systems like a car engine, energy the board).
conservation still applies but involves transformations. Fuel’s 3. Solve for the Final Velocity vf:
chemical energy is converted into thermal and then Rearranging the equation to solve for vf:
mechanical energy, with some energy lost as heat. Plugging in the values for g and h:
• Principle Application: The principle of energy conservation is
applicable in both ideal isolated systems and practical Answer:
systems with energy transfers and transformations. The velocity of the ball just before it hits the ground is approximately
19.8 m/s.
 Problem: Problem: A rock is dropped from a height of 10

CONSERVATION
meters. Calculate its velocity just before it hits the ground.
Assume no air resistance.
Solution:
1.Identify the known values.

OF ENERGY 2.Use the principle of conservation of energy.

3.Calculate the initial potential energy (PE).
4.Set up the equation for kinetic energy (KE) just before
1. Height (h) = 10 meters Acceleration due to gravity (g)
impact.
= 9.8 m/s^2
2. Initially, the rock has potential energy (PE) and no kinetic
5.Equate the potential energy to the kinetic energy.
energy (KE). 6.Solve for v.
Just before it hits the ground, all the potential energy has been
converted into kinetic energy.
3. PE=m⋅g⋅h
Since we're only looking for the velocity and not the actual
energy value, we don't need the mass.
Solving problems involving
4. Set up the equation for kinetic energy (KE) just before potential and kinetic
impact:
KE=1/2mv^2
energy conversions.
Where v is the velocity just before impact.
5. (Solve on the board) Problem 6: Falling Object
6. (Solve on the board)
Answer: The velocity of the rock just before it hits the ground is
14 m/s.
 Understanding energy dissipation
CONSERVATION and its effect on efficiency.
OF ENERGY Key Points:
Minimizing energy dissipation in mechanical systems • Definition: Energy dissipation is the loss of useful
focuses on using advanced materials and technologies to energy as heat or other non-recoverable forms,
boost efficiency. Strategies include applying low-friction affecting the efficiency of energy transfer and
coatings and lubricants, optimizing designs with advanced conversion.
simulations to minimize frictional losses, and employing • Conservation of Energy: According to the principle,
active control systems that adapt to varying conditions. energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
High-performance materials such as composites and transformed (Tipler & Llewellyn, 2020).
advanced polymers help reduce energy loss from wear • Real-World Losses: In practice, energy is lost due to
and deformation. Additionally, advances in additive
friction, resistance, and other inefficiencies, leading
manufacturing enable more precise component
to less useful output than input energy.
geometries, further reducing friction and enhancing
• Examples: In mechanical systems, friction between
system efficiency (Dunn, 2021; Smith & Johnson, 2022;
Lee et al., 2023). moving parts converts mechanical energy into heat,
reducing efficiency (Young & Freedman, 2019).
Higher efficiency is usually better, as it means less energy is wasted, • Importance: Minimizing energy dissipation is essential
but practical limitations, cost, and design constraints can affect the for improving the efficiency of energy systems and
achievable efficiency.
adhering to the conservation principle in practical
 Friction, resistance, and other
CONSERVATION inefficiencies in mechanical systems
OF ENERGY Types of Friction:
• Static Friction: The force that prevents two surfaces
Friction is the force that opposes the relative motion or from sliding past each other when at rest.
tendency of such motion of two surfaces in contact. • Kinetic Friction: The force that opposes the motion of
Resistance in mechanical systems often refers to the two surfaces sliding past each other.
opposition to motion within the system, which can be • Rolling Friction: The resistance encountered when a
due to various factors like friction or drag. rolling object moves over a surface.
Sources of Inefficiency: Factors Affecting Friction:
• Energy Losses Due to Friction: Friction converts • Surface Roughness: Rougher surfaces generally
useful mechanical energy into heat, which is
increase friction.
typically wasted.
• Normal Force: The force perpendicular to the contact
• Air Resistance: Objects moving through air
surfaces; greater normal force typically increases
experience drag, which can slow them down and
friction.
reduce efficiency.
• Material Properties: Different materials have different
• Internal Friction: Within mechanical components like
coefficients of friction.
gears and bearings, internal friction can lead to
energy losses.
 Friction, resistance, and other
CONSERVATION inefficiencies in mechanical systems
OF ENERGY • Examples of Resistance:
⚬ Electrical Resistance: Opposition to the flow
Friction is the force that opposes the relative motion of electric current in a circuit.
or tendency of such motion of two surfaces in
⚬ Hydraulic Resistance: Opposition to the
contact.
flow of fluid in hydraulic systems.
Resistance in mechanical systems often refers to the
opposition to motion within the system, which can be
due to various factors like friction or drag.
Sources of Inefficiency: Mitigation Strategies:
• Energy Losses Due to Friction: Friction converts • Lubrication: Reduces friction by creating a
useful mechanical energy into heat, which is smooth layer between surfaces.
typically wasted. • Streamlining: Reduces air resistance by
• Air Resistance: Objects moving through air
designing objects with shapes that minimize
experience drag, which can slow them down and
drag.
reduce efficiency.
• Internal Friction: Within mechanical components • Material Selection: Using materials with lower
like gears and bearings, internal friction can lead coefficients of friction or better wear
to energy losses. resistance.
IMPULSE AND a n d m o m e n t u m
D e fi n e i m p u l s e
MOMENTUM a n d ex p l a i n t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p .

LESSON 5: IMPULSE-
MOMENTUM THEOREM U s e t h e m o m e n t u m t h e o re m
t o s o lv e p ro b le m s w it h fo rc e
s
and momentum changes.

Id e n ti fy re a l- w o rl d u se s o f
im p u ls e -m o m e n tu m th e o re m
in m e ch a n ic a l e n g in e e ri n g .
 IMPULSE AND State and u n d e r s t a n d t h e
o f
MOMENTUM principle c o n
momentum.
s e r v a t i o n

LESSON 6: CONSERVATION
OF MOMENTUM S o lv e p ro b le m s w it h is o la t e d
s y s t e m s w h e re m o m e n t u m is
conserved.
IMPULSE AND n e l a s t i c
b e t w e e
D i ff e re n t i a t e
MOMENTUM and inelas t i c c o l l i s i o n s .

LESSON 7: COLLISIONS
(ELASTIC AND INELASTIC) S o lv e c o ll is io n p ro b le m s u s in
g
m o m e n t u m a n d e n e rg y
c o n s e r v a t io n la w s .

C a lc u la t e e n e rg y c h a n g e s in
e la s t ic a n d in e la s t ic c o ll is io n
s .
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM
THEOREM
Define impulse and momentum and
explain their relationship.
Impulse is defined as the product of the force applied to an
object and the duration over which the force is applied,
represented mathematically as Impulse=F×Δt. Momentum,
on the other hand, is the product of an object's mass and
velocity, represented as Momentum=m×v. The relationship
between impulse and momentum is captured by the
impulse-momentum theorem, which states that the impulse
applied to an object is equal to the change in its
momentum. This relationship highlights that impulse is
responsible for changing the momentum of an object,
meaning that any force applied over a period will alter the
object's momentum in the direction of the force​ (
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM
THEOREM
Use the impulse-momentum theorem to solve
problems with forces and momentum
changes.
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM
THEOREM
Use the impulse-momentum theorem to solve
problems with forces and momentum
Example Problem changes.
Problem: A 2 kg ball is moving at 3 m/s. A constant force is
applied for 4 seconds, causing the ball to move at 7 m/s.
Find the force applied to the ball.

Try it yourself!
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM
THEOREM
Identifying real-world uses of the impulse-
momentum theorem in mechanical
The engineering.
impulse-momentum theorem is a fundamental concept in
mechanical engineering, applied in various real-world scenarios.
Automotive Safety Engineering:
• Application: In crash testing and the design of safety features
like airbags and crumple zones. Engineers use the impulse-
momentum theorem to analyze the forces experienced by
passengers during collisions and to design systems that
reduce these forces.
Robotics and Automation:
• Application: In the design and control of robotic arms and
other automated machinery, where accurate control of
momentum and impulse is crucial for precise movements
and interactions with objects.
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM
THEOREM
Identifying real-world uses of the impulse-
momentum theorem in mechanical
The engineering.
impulse-momentum theorem is a fundamental concept in
mechanical engineering, applied in various real-world scenarios.
Aerospace Engineering:
• Application: For analyzing the impact forces during
spacecraft landings or launches. The theorem helps in
understanding how momentum changes affect the
spacecraft and its components.

Structural Engineering:
• Application: In the analysis of impacts and dynamic loads on
structures, such as during earthquakes or collisions.
Engineers use the impulse-momentum theorem to assess the
forces and design structures that can withstand such
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM
THEOREM
Identifying real-world uses of the impulse-
momentum theorem in mechanical
The engineering.
impulse-momentum theorem is a fundamental concept in
mechanical engineering, applied in various real-world scenarios.
Sports Engineering:
• Application: In designing sports equipment and optimizing
athletic performance, where impulse and momentum
considerations are crucial for enhancing equipment impact
resistance and improving technique.

Can you think of anything

else?
CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
State and understand the principle of
conservation of momentum.
The principle of conservation of momentum states that the
total momentum of a closed system remains constant,
provided no external forces act on it. Momentum, defined
as the product of an object's mass and velocity, is a vector
quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. In
any interaction, such as collisions or explosions, the sum of
the momenta of the objects before the event must equal
the sum of the momenta after the event. This principle is a
direct consequence of Newton's third law of motion, which
asserts that for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction. It is fundamental in understanding a wide range of
physical phenomena, from particle physics to everyday
CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
State and understand the principle of
conservation of momentum.
The principle of conservation of momentum states that the
total momentum of a closed system remains constant,
provided no external forces act on it. Momentum, defined
as the product of an object's mass and velocity, is a vector
quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. In
any interaction, such as collisions or explosions, the sum of
the momenta of the objects before the event must equal
the sum of the momenta after the event. This principle is a
direct consequence of Newton's third law of motion, which
asserts that for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction. It is fundamental in understanding a wide range of
physical phenomena, from particle physics to everyday
 Step 1: Understand the Problem

CONSERVATION OF Read the problem carefully: Identify the objects involved,

their initial and final states, and what you need to find.
Determine the system: Ensure the system is isolated,

MOMENTUM
Solving problems with isolated systems where
meaning no external forces act on it, or the external
forces cancel out so that the total momentum is
conserved.
Step 2: List Given Data
momentum is conserved. Initial and final velocities: Identify the velocities of all
objects before and after the event.
An isolated system and a closed system are related concepts in
Masses: Identify the mass of each object in the system.
thermodynamics, but they are not the same. Here's the distinction: Other known quantities: These could be distances, times,
Closed System: A closed system can exchange energy (such as or forces, though they are not always directly involved in
heat or work) with its surroundings but not matter. The mass of the momentum conservation.
Step 3: Write Down the Principle of Conservation of
system remains constant because there is no transfer of matter
Momentum
across its boundaries. The principle states that the total momentum of an
Example: A sealed, insulated container where heat can be isolated system remains constant if no external forces
transferred to or from the contents but no matter can enter or act on it. Mathematically: Total Initial Momentum=Total
leave. Final Momentum
Isolated System: An isolated system cannot exchange either energy
or matter with its surroundings. Both mass and energy are
conserved within the system because it is completely isolated from
its environment.
Example: A perfectly insulated thermos bottle that prevents both
 Step 4: Set Up the Equation

CONSERVATION OF Substitute the known values into the momentum

conservation equation.
If one of the velocities is unknown: Leave it as a

MOMENTUM
Solving problems with isolated systems where
variable (e.g., v1fv_{1f}v1f​).
Step 5: Solve the Equation
Algebraic manipulation: Rearrange the equation to
solve for the unknown quantity.
momentum is conserved. Check the units: Ensure all quantities are in compatible
units (e.g., kg for mass, m/s for velocity).
An isolated system and a closed system are related concepts in
Step 6: Analyze the Solution
thermodynamics, but they are not the same. Here's the distinction: Check the direction of velocities: In some problems,
Closed System: A closed system can exchange energy (such as direction matters, and velocities could be negative,
heat or work) with its surroundings but not matter. The mass of the indicating opposite direction.
system remains constant because there is no transfer of matter Interpret the result: Ensure the solution makes physical
sense within the context of the problem.
across its boundaries.
Example: A sealed, insulated container where heat can be
transferred to or from the contents but no matter can enter or Let’s try a
leave.
Isolated System: An isolated system cannot exchange either energy sample
or matter with its surroundings. Both mass and energy are
conserved within the system because it is completely isolated from
its environment.
problem.
Example: A perfectly insulated thermos bottle that prevents both
CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
Solving problems with isolated systems where
momentum is conserved.
COLLISIONS (ELASTIC
AND INELASTIC)
Differentiating between elastic and inelastic
collisions.
In mechanical engineering, elastic collisions are
characterized by the conservation of both kinetic energy and
momentum, meaning that the total kinetic energy of the
system before and after the collision remains the same. In
contrast, inelastic collisions conserve momentum but not
kinetic energy, with some energy being converted into other
forms such as heat or deformation. For example, when two
billiard balls collide, they exhibit an almost elastic collision
as they conserve most of their kinetic energy. Conversely, a
car crash is a typical inelastic collision where significant
kinetic energy is transformed into heat, sound, and
deformation of the vehicles involved (Serway & Jewett, 2018;
COLLISIONS (ELASTIC
AND INELASTIC)
Differentiating between elastic and inelastic
collisions.
COLLISIONS (ELASTIC
AND INELASTIC)
Differentiating between elastic and inelastic
collisions.

In this case, you

don’t need a
separate formula for
kinetic energy since
the objects move
together with the
same final velocity.
COLLISIONS (ELASTIC Solving collision problems using
momentum and energy

AND INELASTIC) conservation laws.

COLLISIONS (ELASTIC Solving collision problems using
momentum and energy

AND INELASTIC) conservation laws.

 Calculating energy
COLLISIONS (ELASTIC changes in elastic and
AND INELASTIC) inelastic collisions.
 Calculating energy
COLLISIONS (ELASTIC changes in elastic and
AND INELASTIC) inelastic collisions.
 Calculating energy
COLLISIONS (ELASTIC changes in elastic and
AND INELASTIC) inelastic collisions.
PHYSICS FOR
ENGINEERS
U F O R Y OU R
T H A N K YO
ATT E NT I ON !
KI N D