Computer Maintenance and

Technical Support
Mettu University, Department of
Information Technology
3rd Year
Chapter - 9
CHAPTER 9 – SOFTWARE
CONCEPTS
 What is an operating system ?
• An operating system (OS) is a collection of
software that manages computer hardware resources
and provides common services for compute programs.
The operating system is an essential component of
the system software in a computer system.
Application programs usually require an operating
system to function.
What is the difference between 32-bit and
64-bit versions
• The terms 32-bit and 64-bit refer to the way a
computer's processor (also called a CPU), handles
information. The 64-bit version of Windows handles
large amounts of random access memory (RAM) more
effectively than a 32-bit system. 32 bit system has
a limit of 4GB RAM to process data where as the 64
bit operating system has 2^64 bits of space to
address and supports 16 hexabytes of RAM to process
data.
Introduction to Operating
System
 Introduction to the OS..
• Booting: starting a computer
– cold boot: turning on a computer that has
been shut off

– warm boot: restarting a computer without

turning off the power

– kernel: the core of the OS that manages

memory, devices, and programs and assigns
resources
 Functionalities of Operating
System
• Functions: Providing a User
Interface
– user interface (UI): the
means with which you interact
with the computer
– graphical user interface
(GUI): presents visual images
that you tap or click to tell
the OS what you want to do
– command-line interface: where
you type commands on the
keyboard at a prompt to tell
the OS what to do
 Functionalities of Operating
System
• Functions: Managing
Application Programs
and Memory, and
Coordinating the Flow
of Data
– virtual memory: the
hard disk space
allocated to store
RAM contents
 Functionalities of Operating
System
• Functions: Configuring Hardware and Peripheral
Devices
– drivers: small computer programs that
contain the instructions the OS uses to
communicate and route data to/from a device
– Plug and Play: when you plug in a new
device, the OS searches the device for the
driver, loads it, and displays a message
when the device is ready to use
 Functionalities of Operating
System
• Functions:
Providing a File
System
– the OS keeps
track of the
files stored
on a
computer’s
storage
devices and
provides tools
for managing
those files
 Functionalities of Operating
System
• Functions: Software Updates and Security
– software often needs to be updated as
program fixes, security enhancements, and
new or modified device drivers become
available
 Types of Operating System
• Single-user, single task
• Multi-user, multi-task
• Real Time Operating Systems
• Single-user, multi task
 Single-user, single task
• This type manages the computer so that one user can
effectively do one thing at a time.

• Example : DOS
 Multi-user, multi-task
• Allows two or more users to run programs at the
same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds
or even thousands of concurrent users.
• Example: Windows NT, Windows Servers, Linux, Unix
 Real Time Operating
Systems
• RTOS are used to control machinery, scientific
instruments, and industrial systems.
• There is typically very little user interface
capability.
• Resources are managed so that a particular
operation executes precisely the same every time.
 Single-user, Multi-tasking
• This is the type of operating system most desktops
and laptops use today.
• Microsoft’s Windows and Apple’s MacOS are both
examples of operating systems that will let a
single user have several programs in operation at
the same time.
 What is File System ?
• In computing, a file system (or file system) is
used to control how information is stored and
retrieved. Without a file system, information
placed in a storage area would be one large body of
information with no way to tell where one piece of
information stops and the next begins.
 File Allocation Table
• The FAT contains an entry for every file stored on
the volume that contains the address of the file’s
starting cluster.
• Each cluster contains a pointer to the next cluster
in the file, or an end-of-file indicator at
(0xFFFF), which indicates that this cluster is the
end of the file.
FAT - Example
Directory Table Format
 An Overview of Common File
Systems
• Windows:
– FAT32: FAT32 is an older Windows file system,
but it’s still used on removable media devices
— just the smaller ones, though. Larger
external hard drives of 1 TB or so will likely
come formatted with NTFS. You’ll only want to
use this with small storage devices or for
compatibility with other devices like digital
cameras, game consoles, set-top boxes, and
other devices that just support FAT32 and not
the newer NTFS file system.
– NTFS: Modern versions of Windows — since
Windows XP — use the NTFS file system for
their system partition. External drives can be
formatted with either FAT32 or NTFS.
 An Overview of Common File
Systems..
• Mac
– HFS+: Macs use HFS+ for their internal partitions, and they
like to format external drives with HFS+ too. Macs can also
read and write to FAT32 file systems, although they can only
read from NTFS file systems by default — you’d need third-party
software to write to NTFS file systems from a Mac.
• Linux
– Ext2/Ext3/Ext4: You’ll often see the Ext2, Ext3, and Ext4 file
systems on Linux.
– Ext2 is an older file systems, and it lacks important features
like journaling — if the power goes out or a computer crashes
while writing to an ext2 drive, data may be lost.
– Ext3 adds these robustness features at the cost of some speed.
– Ext4 is more modern and faster — it’s the default file system
on most Linux distributions now, and is faster. Windows and Mac
don’t support these file systems — you’ll need a third-party
tool to access files on such file systems. For this reason,
it’s often ideal to format your Linux system partitions as ext4
and leave removable devices formatted with FAT32 or NTFS if you
need compatibility with other operating systems. Linux can read
and write to both FAT32 or NTFS.
Default Cluster Size of File
System
 FAT32 vs. NTFS
 NTFS
1. Recovers Some disk related issues.
2. Support to large disks
3. Better security
• Permission restrictions:
• We can provide read write and executable permission to files
and folders.
• Encryption:
• By Which we can provide security to data encryption.
 FAT 32
1. Any user can read your files who has access to your machine.
2. You can not create partition larger than 32 GB and can not store file
larger than 4 GB.
 Boot sector
• A sector on the computer floppy disk drive, hard
drive, or other bootable disk drive that contains
instructs the computer on how to boot from the
drive.
• Disk drives have different types of boot sectors;
the master boot record (MBR), which is the first
sector of a portioned hard drive that and the
volume boot record (VBR), which contains partition
information at the beginning of each partition.
 Boot Loader
• A boot loader is a computer program that loads an
operating system or some other system software for the
computer after completion of the power-on self-tests;
• it is the loader for the operating system itself.
Within the hard reboot process, it runs after
completion of the self-tests, then loads and runs the
software.
• A boot loader is loaded into main
memory from persistent memory, such as a hard disk
drive or, in some older computers, from a medium such
as punched cards, punched tape, or magnetic tape.
• The boot loader then loads and executes the processes
that finalize the boot.
• Those found in RAM need to be accessed with the help
of the boot loader such as BIOS, EFI, SLOF, OpenBoot,
OpenBIOS, BOOTMGR, Syslinux, NTLDR, GRUB, and LILO.
These programs allow the computer to communicate with
WINDOWS INSTALLATION
 How to Install Windows 7
operating system step by step
procedure.
Turn your computer on and then press Del or F2 (depend on your computer’s
mainboard) to enter the system BIOS
Go to Boot menu and choose Boot From CD/DVD.
Load your Windows 7 DVD and boot it. It will now
load the setup files.
Loading process
Booting process is in progress
Select your language, time & currency format, keyboard or
input method and click Next.
Click Install now.
Check I accept the license terms and click Next.
Click Upgrade if you already have a previous Windows version or Custom
(advanced) if you don’t have a previous Windows version or want to install a fresh
copy of Windows 7.
Select the drive where you want to install Windows 7 and click Next. If you want
to make any partitions, click Drive options (advanced), make the partitions and
then click Next.
Drive Options Menu: Windows warns that it may need to
create a few partitions for the system, Click "OK" to continue.
It will now start installing Windows 7. The first step, (i.e. Copying Windows files)
was already done when you booted the Windows 7 DVD so it will complete
instantly.
After completing the first step, it will expand (decompress) the files that it had
copied.
After that it will automatically restart after 15 seconds and
continue the setup. You can also click Restart now to restart
without any delays.
After installation, Please do not press key this time
After restarting for the first time, it will continue the setup. This
is the last step so it will take the most time than the previous
steps.
Type your desired user name in the text-box and click Next. It will
automatically fill up the computer name.
If you want to set a password, type it in the text-boxes and
click Next.
Type your product key in the text-box and click Next. You can
also skip this step and simply click Next if you want to type
the product key later. Windows will run only for 30 days if you
do that.
Select your desired option for Windows Updates.
Select your time and click Next.
If you are connected to any network, it will ask you to set the
network’s location.
Window is finalizing your settings
Welcome Screen
Preparing your desktop
And there you have a fresh copy of Windows 7 installed!
Windows update
Basic things or application to be install

1.Antivirus
2.Microsoft office
3.Browsers
4.Printers
Thank You