Piping and instrumentation

diagram (P&id)

By Henok Hailu
 Piping and Instrumentation
Diagrams or simply P&IDs are the
“schematics” used in the field of
instrumentation and control
(Automation)
 The P&ID is used to by field techs,
engineers, and operators to
better understand the process
and how the instrumentation is
inter connected.
 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
 BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM (BFD)
 Is the simplest flowsheet.
 Process engineer begins the process design with a block diagram in
which only the feed and product streams are identified.
 Input-output diagrams are not very detailed and are most useful in
early stages of process development.
 Flow of raw materials and products may be included on a BFD.
 The processes described in the BFD, are then broken down into
basic functional elements such as reaction and separation sections.
 Also identify the recycle streams and additional unit operations to
achieve the desired operating conditions.
 BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM (BFD)
Example 1:
Mixed Gas
Toluene, C7H8 2610 kg/hr
10,000 kg/hr

Reactor Gas Separator Benzene, C6H6

C6H6
8,210 kg/hr
CH4
Hydrogen H2
820 kg/hr C7H8
Mixed Liquid

75% Conversion of
Toluene

Reaction : C7H8 + H2 C6H6 + CH4

Figure 1: Block Flow Diagram for the Production of Benzene

 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
A Process Flow Diagram generally includes following information;
a)Flow rate of each stream in case of continuous process or quality
of each reactant in case of a batch process.
b)Composition streams.
c)Operating conditions of each stream such as pressure ,
temperature, concentration, etc.
d)Heat added or removed in a particular equipment.
e)Flows of utilities such as stream, cooling water, hot oil, chilled
water, thermal fluid, etc.
f)Major equipment symbols, names and identification.
g)Any specific information which is useful in understanding the
process. For example, symbolic presentation of a hazard, safety
precautions, sequence of flow, etc.
1. Major Pieces Of 2. Utility
Equipment Streams

PFD

4. Basic Control 3. Process Flow

Loops Streams
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
Process Unit Symbology
Symbol Description

Heat exchanger

H2O Water cooler

S Steam heater

Cooling coil
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
Process Unit Symbology
Symbol Description

Heater coil

Centrifugal pump

Turbine type compressor

Pressure gauge
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

Name

Gate Valve

Globe Valve

Ball Valve

Check Valve

Butterfly Valve
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

PFD will contains the following information:-

- Basic control loops: showing the control
strategy used to operate the process under
normal operations.
 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

 Also known as “PROCESS & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM”

 Detailed graphical representation of a process including the

hardware and software (i.e piping, equipment, and
instrumentation) necessary to design, construct and
operate the facility.
 Common synonyms for P&IDs include Engineering Flow
Diagram (EFD), Utility Flow Diagram (UFD) and Mechanical
Flow Diagram (MFD).
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

PFD
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

P&ID
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Basic Loop
Process

Sensing Element

Final Control Measuring

Element Element Transmitter

Transmit
Element

Control Element
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Basic Loop
Set point

Controller

Transmitter

Fluid Fluid

Orifice (Flow
Sensor)
 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
 ISA SYMBOLOGY

The Instrumentation,
Systems, and
Automation Society (ISA)
is one of the leading
process control trade
and standards
organizations.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Instrumentation Symbology

Instruments that are field mounted.

-Instruments that are mounted on process plant (i.e sensor that
mounted on pipeline or process equipments.

Field
mounted on
pipeline
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Instrumentation Symbology
Instruments that are board mounted
-Instruments that are mounted on control board.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Instrumentation Symbology
Instruments that are board mounted (invisible).
-Instruments that are mounted behind a control panel board.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Instrumentation Symbology
Instruments that are functioned in Distributed Control System (DCS)
- A distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control system usually of
a manufacturing system, process or any kind of dynamic system, in which
the controller elements are not central in location (like the brain) but are
distributed throughout the system with each component sub-system
controlled by one or more controllers. The entire system of controllers is
connected by networks for communication and monitoring.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
Instrumentation Symbology
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
FC Flow Controller PT Pressure Transmitter

FE Flow Element PTD Pressure Transducer

FI Flow Indicator

FT Flow Transmitter LC Level Controller

FS Flow Switch LG Level Gauge

FIC Flow Indicating Controller LR Level Recorder

FCV Flow Control Valve LT Level Transmitter

FRC Flow Recording Controller LS Level Switch

LIC Level
Indicating Controller

PC Pressure Controller LCV Level Control Valve

PG Pressure Gauge LRC Level Recording Controller

PI Pressure Indicator

PR Pressure Recorder TE Temperature Element

 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

PS Pressure Switch TI Temperature Indicator

PIC Pressure Indicating Controller TR Temperature Recorder

PCV Pressure Control Valve TS Temperature Switch

PRC Pressure Recording Controller TC Temperature Controller

PDI Pressure Differential Indicator TT Temperature Transmitter

PDR Pressure Differential Recorder

PDS Pressure Differential Switch

PDT Pressure Differential Transmitter

 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Signal Lines Symbology

 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Signal Lines Symbology

P&ID
 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Instrumentation Numbering

 XYY CZZLL

X represents a process variable to be measured.

(T=temperature, F=flow, P=pressure, L=level)
YY represents type of instruments.

C designates the instruments area within the plant.

ZZ designates the process unit number.

LL designates the loop number.

 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Instrumentation Numbering
 LIC 10003

L = Level shall be measured.

IC = Indicating controller.

100 = Process unit no. 100 in the area of no. 1

03 = Loop number 3
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Instrumentation Numbering

 FRC 82516

F = Flow shall be measured.

RC = Recording controller

825 = Process unit no. 825 in the area of no. 8.

16 = Loop number 16
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Exercise 1
 Figure below shows the boiler system that used to supply hot steam to a turbine. This
system need to supply 100 psi hot steam to the turbine where the PCV-100 will be opened
when the pressure reached that desired pressure. With using pressure control through
temperature and pressure measurement in the boiler, draw a feedforward-plus-feedback
control loop system.

Water Hot steam

Process variable need to be

controlled = Pressure
BOILER
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
Answer 1
 Figure below shows the boiler system that used to supply hot steam to a turbine. This system need
to supply 100 psi hot steam to the turbine where the PCV-100 will be opened when the pressure
reached that desired pressure. With using pressure control through temperature and pressure
measurement in the boiler, draw a feedforward-plus-feedback control loop system.


TIC PIC
Y

TT PT

Water Hot steam

Process variable need to be

controlled = Pressure
BOILER