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Embryonic Develpment

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CHIQUI JIMENEZ
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12 views

Embryonic Develpment

Uploaded by

CHIQUI JIMENEZ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Human

Explain the stages of


development starting with
Development
fertilization and ending with
the neonatal period.

Discuss the major events of


the first, second, and third
trimesters of development.

Review the changes


occurring in some organs
as the infant goes from life
in utero to neonate.
week 10
Prenatal Development

Embryonic Fetal
development development

fertilization - 8 weeks 9 weeks - birth

time period from fertilization to birth = gestation

Postnatal Development
Oocyte at Ovulation
 2º oocyte arrested in Metaphase II
 Completion of Meiosis only if fertilization
occurs
 Follicular cells of corona
radiata protect ovum as
it breaks through ovary
wall

Fig 28-1
Fertilization
Take place in the Fallopian tube

Viability of gametes:
– Oocyte 12-24 h
– Sperm 12-48 h

Acrosome contains hyaluronidase 


acrosomal reaction breaks down intercellular cement between
adjacent follicle cells

Single sperm fuses with oocyte


amphimixis - fusion of sperm and oocyte pronuclei
The first Trimester
weeks 1-12; fetus size ~ 3 in.; weight ~ 14 g
Cleavage
Implantation
Placentation
Embryogenesis

Basic organ plan and tissues laid out –


most susceptible to damage or
disorganization at this time
Early division of zygote into multiple cells
Cleavage without increase in size, partitions
contents

Morula
solid ball of cells

Zygote

Blastocyst
with blastocoele cavity
Implantation - embedding of
blastocyst into uterine lining begins at day 7
Blastocyst - with blastocoele
cavity
Trophoblast - outer layer of
cells
Inner cell mass - will form
embryo

Trophoblast forms syncytial trophoblast-


erodes into endometrium
Cellular trophoblast - carries nutrients to
inner cell mass

Lacunae and primary villi formed


by trophoblast
All of these form placental tissues

Fig 28-3
Day 10
Embryo completely
embedded in
endometrium

Amnion and yolksac


visible

Blastodisc formation (2
cell layers)
– Epiblast
– Hypoblast
Gastrulation: 3 Germ Layers Formed
day 12:
Ectoderm (forms from epiblast)
Nervous system
Epidermis

Endoderm (forms from


hypoblast)
Mucosae (eg: GI-tract
Associated glands

Mesoderm
Everything else
Formation of Extra-embryonic
Membranes
visible after day 10:

Amnion – Protection of
embryo/fetus

Yolk sac –
Early site of blood cell
formation
Placentation
Development of placenta from edges of blastocyst
Placenta = organ that forms from the chorion and
the endometrium and allow the embryo/fetus to
exchange nutrients and waste.
Chorionic villi provide surface area for exchange
Nutrient and gas exchange happens without actual
blood exchange
Umbilical cord - contains two umbilical arteries and
one umbilical vein
Embryogenesis
Following gastrulation, formation of viable
embryo
Head fold and tail fold develop
Critical period organogenes
Teratogens:
Rubella and syphilis
X-rays
FAS and smoking
 After the end of 8 weeks: Fetal development
 Week 12: all organ systems laid out
Second and Third Trimester
 Most teratogens not lethal anymore – but
produce major defects
 3rd trimester mostly for size increase
and maturity.
Labor and Delivery

Parturition: Expulsion of fetus and placenta due


to fetal oxytocin 

Stages of labor
1. dilation stage - cervix stretches
2. expulsion stage - fetus delivered
3. placental stage - placenta expelled

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