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Aerodynamics Lecture: Streamlines

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Aerodynamics Lecture: Streamlines

Uploaded by

eclark7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AME 320: Aerodynamics

Lecture 5
Alternate derivations of fundamentals

1
Lecture 5
Irrotational Flow & Bernoulli’s equation
Alternate derivations of fundamentals

regroup these terms and look at the terms marked by arrows

this term=0 along a streamline

this term=0 when the flow is irrotational

2
What is rotation for deformable fluid element

Tan Δα→
Δα=Δῃ/Δx

3
4
Is this irrotational

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Chapter 2 of
Anderson’s book

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Continuity (2.4)

• Mass can be neither created nor destroyed


• Integral form

• Differential form

• Steady flow
• Recall strengths and weaknesses of each approach

8
Momentum (2.5)
• Force=mass x acceleration (Newton’s 2nd law)
or: time rate of change of momentum = Force
• What are the forces on a fluid and where do they come from?
– Surface forces (pressure) and body forces (gravity)
• Integral form

• Notes
– Vector equation
– Sign of pressure
– f is body force
– Viscous forces on the CV usually negligible
– If steady, inviscid and no body forces: Euler equations
9
Momentum (2.5)
• Differential form

• x, y and z components

• Eqns as written here work for any fluid, but we need more info
• Steady, inviscid and no body forces gives Euler in differential
10
Momentum (2.5)
• Assumption:
Steady, inviscid and no body forces
• Euler equations in integral (top) and
(bottom) form

11
Substantial Derivative (2.9)

• Governing equations have been established, now onto to


concepts to help us apply these equations.
• Consider small fluid element
moving through a flow and
experiencing both local
and convective acceleration

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Angular velocity and vorticity (2.12)

• Motion, orientation and change in shape in fluid element


• Fluid elements rotate and distort depending on their velocity field.
• Break this down to simple flow in xy plane

13
Angular velocity and vorticity (2.12)

• Consideration of the motion of the fluid element gives rise


to the concept of angular velocity which is dependent on
the velocity field (331 review again).
• In 3D

• More often employ vorticity

14
Flow Lines (2.11)

• Consider an unsteady flow, that we wish to visualize


• Pathlines
– Trace the path of a fluid element A as it moves
downstream
– Since flow is unsteady, two fluid elements travelling
through the same point may have very different paths
– Tag a fluid element and
watch its motion

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16
• Streamline
– A curve that is everywhere tangent to the local velocity
vector----no flow across a streamline
– Obviously will look different at different times if
unsteady

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• Streaklines
– Mark a location in space and identify (connect) particles
passing through
– The line joining these particles is a streakline
– Very common in the lab, see unsteady in the car wake
• If the flow is steady, pathlines=streamlines=streaklines and
this is primarily the case for our study of aerodynamics

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Angular velocity and vorticity (2.12)

• Recall nomenclature that is related to vorticity (curl of


velocity)
1. If the curl of velocity is nonzero at every point in a flow
then it is called rotational
2. If the curl of velocity is zero at every point in a flow then it
is called irrotational----purely translational motion.
irrotational
rotational

21
Angular velocity and vorticity (2.12)

• How to determine if 2D flow is irrotational?

• Irrotational flow analysis can make our lives easy and it is often
very applicable outside of the boundary layer in aerodynamics.

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• Viscous flows are rotational (see example 2.6)---think
boundary layer
Angular velocity and vorticity (2.12)

• Inviscid flows with uniform freestream are irrotational (see


example 2.7)---uniform flows are irrotational. Flow field that is
originally irrotational, without any internal mechanisms such
as frictional shear stress to generate vorticity, will remain
irrotational---think freestream away from BL

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Incompressible flow in a duct (3.3)
• Quasi-1D flow

24
Applications of Bernoulli’s equation

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Incompressible flow in a duct (3.3)
• Venturi

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Incompressible flow in a duct (3.3)

• Wind Tunnels (open suction or cascade tunnels)


• Closed loop atmospheric, pressurized, cryogenic)
• V1A1=V2A2
• p2 – p1= hence 2(p1 – p2 ) =

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Momentum (2.5)

p2 – p1=

Cp= = 1-

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The NTF has two modes of cooling. In the first, variable temperature cryogenics, liquid nitrogen is sprayed into the circuit. The heat of vaporization
and latent heat cools the tunnel structure and dissipates fan heat. In this mode, the NTF provides full-scale-flight Reynolds numbers without an
increase in model size. Ambient-temperature air is the test gas in the second mode. Fan heat is removed by chilled water that flows through a cooling
coil.
Pitot tube (3.4)
• Laboratory and flight standard for velocity measurements
• Pressure review

• Incompressible flow only


compressible works, but eqn
differs
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