MASONRY and TILE SETTING

The structural construction of component

parts laid in and bound together by a
material called mortar?

Masonry
A thin stone unit of uniform size usually less
than ¾” thick. It is a manufactured piece of
hard wearing material such as ceramic,
stone, metal or even glass?

Tile
Short term for Concrete Hollow Block; it
consists of an outside shell with a hollow
center that is divided into two or three
vertical webs. CHB is the most widely used
masonry material for construction works?

Block
Made of clay and other materials proceed
into workable consistency, molded to sizes
and fired in a kiln for stronger and more
attractive product?

Brick
Workable paste used to bind construction
blocks together and fills the gaps between
stocks. A mixture of cement, sand and
water.

Mortar
The artificial stone as a result of mixing
sand, cement, gravel and water (kanang
karsada)

Concrete
A mixture of cement and water (fill out sa
gap nan tiles)

Grout
The inert materials that are bound together
into a conglomerated mass by cement and
water to form concrete, mortar, or plaster.

Aggregates
2 types of aggregates
Smaller than 10 mm in diameter (kanang
sand, mao oud ni an pinaka-common)

Fine aggregates
Bigger that 10 mm in diameter ( grava or
gravel)

Coarse aggregates
A bonding agent that reacts with water to
form a hard stone like substance?

Cement
2 types of cement
The most widely used in various small and
large construction including roads and
highways ( an pinaka-common na semento)

Portland
An amorphous silica that hardens as a silica
gel by reacting chemically with alkali in the
presence of water

Pozzolan cement
A mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings and
hardened to produce smooth surface (mao
ni an pinaka last na stage of finishing using
mortar)

Plaster
2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MASONRY TOOLS
Those tools necessary in the process of
preparing, arranging, forming, laying and
shaping of bricks, stones and masonry
blocks?

Roughing up Tools
4 Tools of Roughing up
Known as Ax-hammer, is used in 2 different
ways: the axe is used to serve as chisel and
the hammer for driving nails and other
rough work in masonry?

Mason Axe or Hammer

The head is composed of group of thin
chisels used for dressing stones or concrete?

Patent Hammer
A tool with sharp pointed steel pipes used
for dressing concrete?

Crandall
Used to make big holes and remove parts of
a concrete wall and flooring?

Cold Chisel
A very useful tool made of steel bar used in
demolition work and in pulling – off large
nail (bara di cabra)

Wrecking Bar
These are classified into FLOATS and
TROWELS?

Surface Finishing Tools

4 classification of floats
Used for smoothing or for producing
textured surfaces on cement or plaster?

Common Float
Used to smooth freshly placed concrete?

Bull Float
Used in plastering to produce a fine-grained
texture in sand finishes?

Carpet Float
Used to roughen the surface of plaster to
provide a key for the next coat?

Devil or Nail Float

3 Different kinds of trowel
Similar in appearance as the ordinary float
but with a steel blade

Ordinary trowel
A trowel used in pointing or removing and
laying mortar in masonry joints (most
extremely used trowel in the tile setting
industry)

Pointing trowel
A small trowel used to spread mortar on
bricks and tiles before it is laid.

Buttering trowel
3 types of tools /equipment
Devices or instrument used to do a
particular job that does not require a motor,
but are intended for hand held operation by
the one individual

Hand tools
Use either electricity, compressed air or
hydraulic pressure to make them operate

Machine/power tools
7 measuring tools in
masonry
Used to measure vertical height/depth of
excavation

Measuring tape
String stretches tightly between them to
serve as guide for all of the blocks in the
course.

Mason blocks and

string
To snap guidelines

Chalk line
Used to measure a proportion of gravel and
sand with the dimension of 12” wide; 12“ in
long; 12” in deep width net volume of 1 cu.
Foot or 0.30 m x. 0.30 m x 0.30m

Measuring box
Used to check the correct vertical alignment
of a structure

Plumb bob
Used to check the correct horizontal
alignment of a structure

Level hose with water

For mixing the mortar

Mortar box or wheel box

5 methods of identifying Non-functional
tools and equipment
Refers to the visual observation of an expert
on the appearance of the tools and
equipment (physical appearance of a tool
kon functional ba or dili)

Visual inspection
Vibration or extra noise from the operation
means problems on parts and accessories
started to develop (para ma-identify nimo
kon mo function pa ba)

Functionality
When there is something wrong with the
performance of either hand tools or
equipment, they need an immediate repair
or maintenance

Performance
(for electrical operated equipment) failure
to meet the required power supply,
malfunction will occur in the part of hand
tools or equipment.

Power Supply
Refers to the technical person who has the
knowledge and skills about the technology

Persons involved
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
- Water is the best cleaning agent for small and larger tools

- If mortar builds up on the tools and is not cleaned in a timely

manner, special cleaners may be needed

- If mortar has hardened on the tools, and water is not sufficient to

remove it, muriatic acid can be used to clean the tools

- if the mortar sits too long and builds up on the mortar board, any
kind of concrete dissolver will work to clean it.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
- Preventive maintenance using preservatives can keep
wooden tools in top shape by preventing the wood from
splitting

- linseed oil is recommended for wooden levels and

wooden handles
ROUTINE SERVICE FOR HANDHELDS
- if a hammer handle becomes loose, it should be replaced
immediately

- if you need to tighten up a wooden handle, insert another

wedge into the end of the handle or immerse the hammer
head into a bucket of water overnight to expand the wood
Stone types and varieties of
bond pattern
Is a quarry cut (non metallic substance)
produce smooth, flat bedding surface that
stack easily

Ashlar
2 types of ashlar
Is an arrangement of stones where in the
various sizes are used to make courses that
are not continuous for the whole length of
the wall

Random ashlar
Has a formal appearance (bond pattern)

Course ashlar
Is a stone that is irregular in size, shape and
texture. Field stone is one type of rubble

Rubble
2 types of rubble
Is usually dry – laid but can also be
mortared

Random rubble
Has a neater appearance than random
rubble but more difficult to construct and
requires a large selection of stones

Course rubble
2 kinds of Measurement
This tells us only the magnitude or amount
of quantity

ex. Length =2m

Area = 4.5 sq. m

Scalar quantity
This tells us not only the magnitude but also
the direction

ex. Displacement = S20 m, N 350 E

Force = 20 Newtonsnto the right

Vector quantity
Quantity that expresses the extent of two
dimensional surface or shape (L X W)

Area
Three dimensional space enclosed by some
boundaries (L X W X H)

Volume
Memorize
1 kg of cement + 1 ½ kg of sand + 3kg of
gravel

Class AA
1 kg of cement + 2 kg of sand + 4 kg of gravel

Class A
1 kg of cement + 2 1/2 kg of sand + 5 kg of
gravel

Class B
1 kg of cement + 3 kg of sand + 6 kg of gravel

Class A
For column slab

Class AA
For slabs in the ground

Class A
For hollow block filler, for concreting an in
house pavement

Class C
7 Materials in Tile
Setting
Is typically made from red or white clay (a
less expensive material use in tile setting)

Ceramic tile
Kinds of ceramic tile
With smooth shiny surface

Glazed tiles
Not shiny and with porous surface

Unglazed tiles
A flooring material that is generally
inexpensive, easy to install and easy to
maintain, constructed from a synthetic
material called polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Vinyl Tile
Popular in the kitchen design tilling, porous,
must be sealed and polished in a regular
basis

Granite Stone
Thin layer of adhesive spread onto a surface
where tile is laid (adhesive – pandikit or
glue)

Thin-set Tile Mortar

A form of adhesive used for wall tiles that
enables it to stick immediately in place

Organic Mastic
A flexible substance which is spread into
joints to create a barrier against air and
water (sealand)

Caulk
Used to provide protection for ceramic tile
installations form external stresses

Protective Membranes
4 types of Protective Membrane
Used where ever hairline cracking in
underneath structure occurs

Crack Isolation
Membrane
Used to minimize the transfer of minor crack
caused by the movement of infrastructure.
It can be used to cover an entire floor or
over individual cracks that is 1/8” in width
or less

Anti-fracture Membrane
Used to waterproof ceramic tile substrates
in wet areas while providing a suitable
surface to adhere tile

Waterproofing Membrane
Separates a ceramic tile or stone floor from
the inner structure and minimizes the
transfer of thermal movement, shrinkage of
cement, subfloor deflection, minor crack
transfer caused by underneath movement
to the tile flooring

Uncoupling Membrane
2 types of Glass Tile
Are usually pre-mounted on mesh backing

Mounted Glass Tile

Are stained glass, usually without mesh
backing

Unmounted Glass Tile