Transport,

Travel and
Tourism
 Agenda:
• 1. Intoduction
• 2. History and evolution
• 3. How modern transportation boosts tourism
• 4.
Environmental concerns associated with
tourism
• 5. Tourism and its impact on economy
• 6. Counter argument and rebuttals
• 7. Terminologies
Transport, Travel and Tourism
Transport refers to the movement of people,
goods, or services from one place to another. It
involves the physical means and infrastructure
used to facilitate movement, such as vehicles,
roads, railways, airways, and waterways. (Source:
Oxford Dictionary)

Travel is defined as the activity of making

journeys, typically over
(World longForum).
Economic distances or moving
from one place to another.

Tourism refers to the activities of people traveling

to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for leisure, business, or other
purposes. It encompasses the services and
infrastructure that support these activities, such
as accommodation, attractions, and hospitality.
(Source: UNWTO - World Tourism Organization)
 History And Evolution:
•In the ancient time, people used to travel using simple boats and
domesticated animals. Archaeological findings suggests that early
humans used rafts for coastal migration​(Emerald)​.

•In the classical era, Silk Road connected East and West, that
enhanced trade and cultural exchanges. (Emerald)

•Steam engines revolutionized rail and sea travel.

Expansion of railroads and steamships enabled mass travel.

Automobiles and commercial aviation transformed personal and mass travel.

Rise of mass tourism got facilitated by more affordable air travel.
The Boeing 707, introduced in 1958, made international air travel more
accessible
In this modern era, Emerging trends is seen on sustainable transport
and on space tourism.
High-speed trains, budget airlines, and digital booking platforms.
Companies like SpaceX are developing vehicles for developing
commercial space tourism.
 How Modern Transportation Boosts
Tourism?in transportation infrastructure significantly boosts
Advancements
tourism.
Modern transportation infrastructure serves as a catalyst for enhancing global tourism,
fostering economic growth, and enriching cultural exchanges. By improving access,
reducing travel times, and enhancing convenience, modern transportation systems play
a crucial role in shaping tourist behaviors and destination choices.
Nepal's strategic investments in expanding air connectivity, as shown by upgrades to Tribhuvan
International Airport, resulted in a notable 24% increase in international tourist arrivals in 2023 (Nepal
Tourism Board).
The integration of high-speed rail networks across Europe, notably the Eurostar linking
London, Paris, and Brussels, has revolutionized regional tourism. It has facilitated
seamless travel experiences, promoting cultural exchanges and increasing tourism
revenues in each city.

Improvements in transportation infrastructure in New Zealand, such as better roads and

bus services to tourist destinations, have benefited local small businesses. These
businesses, including cafes, shops, and adventure tour operators, have seen increased
customer traffic and revenue due to easier access for tourists (source: New Zealand
Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment).
 Environmental Impact of
Transportation
• While transportation boosts tourism, it also has significant environmental impacts.

•Carbon Emissions:
•Air travel contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.
Aviation accounts for about 2.5% of global CO2 emissions​(
World Economic Forum)​​(Emerald)​.

•Pollution:
•Road and sea travel contribute to air and water pollution.
Cruise ships emit large amounts of pollutants, affecting marine life and
coastal environments​(GeogTransportSys)​​(Emerald)​.

•Environmental Degradation:
•Infrastructure development for transportation often leads to habitat
destruction.
Road construction in remote areas can lead to deforestation and loss of
biodiversity​(GeogTransportSys)​​(Emerald)​.
Solutions to Environmental
Impact
The tourism industry is increasingly adopting eco-friendly
initiatives, such as carbon offset programs and green
certifications.

Airlines like Delta and United have invested in sustainable

aviation fuels, reducing their carbon footprints​(Emerald)​​(
GeogTransportSys)​.

The development of electric and hybrid vehicles is

revolutionizing road transport, with companies like Tesla
leading the way in producing zero-emission cars​(
GeogTransportSys)​​(Emerald)​.

Many countries use tourism income to support national

parks and conservation projects, striking a balance
between economic benefits and environmental
stewardship​(GeogTransportSys)​​(Emerald)​.

These measures demonstrate that it is possible to enjoy

 Tourism Drives Economic
Development
•Tourism creates jobs in various sectors such as hospitality, transportation, and entertainment.
•Evidence: In Nepal, the tourism sector provides direct and indirect employment to approximately
1 million people.
•Source: World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), Nepal Tourism Satellite Account

•Increased tourism leads to the development of infrastructure like roads, airports, and hotels.
•Evidence: The construction and expansion of Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu have
significantly boosted international tourist arrivals.
•Source: Nepal Tourism Board

•Tourism brings in foreign currency, which can be used for national development.
•Evidence: In 2019, tourism contributed 8% to Nepal's GDP through foreign exchange earnings.
•Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal

•Tourism creates opportunities for small businesses such as homestays, local eateries, and
handicraft shops.
•Evidence: Many rural communities in Nepal have seen economic upliftment through tourism-related
small businesses. (UNDP)
 Counterarguments Against Tourism Driving
Economic Development
Tourism can cause inflation in local economies, particularly in developing countries
where infrastructure may not be able to keep up with the increased demand.
(InWorld Bank)
Pokhara, Nepal, a popular tourist destination, the increased demand from tourists has
driven up the prices of food, housing, and other essential goods. Local residents have reported
that the cost of living has increased significantly, making it difficult for them to afford basic
necessities. (Nepal tourism board)
According to the (UNEP), in some developing countries, up to 70% of tourism
revenues leak out of the country, mainly through foreign-owned businesses and
imported goods
In Nepal, many and services.
high-end hotels and luxury lodges, are owned by foreign investors. The
profits from those establishments are often sent back to their home contries rather than
reinvested locally. (UNEP)
Tourism can lead to the loss of local cultures and old traditions. In places like Bali,
Indonesia, traditional ceremonies and rituals have been modified to attract tourists. The
unique cultural identity of a place is being compromised for the sake of attracting more
visitors​(UNESDOC)​.
 Rebuttal to Counter Argument:
•Governments can regulate prices of essential goods and services to prevent excessive
inflation caused by tourism.
•Evidence from Nepal: In Pokhara, Nepal, the local government has implemented
price controls and regulations on essential items to ensure that they remain affordable
for residents despite the influx of tourists. (Nepal economic forum, “Managing Tourism
Growth in Pokhara”
•Community-led tourism initiatives can channel tourism benefits directly to local residents, supporting
livelihoods and reducing economic disparities.
•Evidence from Nepal: Programs promoting homestays and cultural experiences managed by local
communities have provided additional income streams, benefiting residents economically and
culturally.
Governments and local stakeholders can implement policies to reduce leakages by
encouraging local ownership of tourism-related businesses and promoting the use of
locally sourced products. For example, programs that support local entrepreneurs in the
tourism sector can ensure that more money stays within the community.
Initiatives to promote homestays and locally-owned guesthouses have helped retain
more tourist revenue locally.( Nepal Tourism Board, "Community-Based Tourism in
Nepal“)
 At the conclusion, we can say that tourism
boosts local economies, creating pathways to
prosperity and opportunities for growth.

"Travel opens doors to new experiences, broadening

our horizons and creating memories that last for
lifetime.”
Let's embark on journeys that enrich our lives and
inspire our hearts: let's travel, let's discover, let's
grow."
 Terminologies
Hospitality Industry: The sector encompassing accommodations, food and beverage services, event planning, and related
services.
Tourism Satellite Account (TSA): A system that measures the economic contribution of tourism to a country's GDP,
employment, and other economic indicators.
Sustainable Tourism: Tourism that minimizes its environmental impact, preserves cultural heritage, and benefits local
communities economically and socially.
Tour Operator: A company or individual that organizes and sells travel packages, which may include transportation,
accommodation, meals, and guided tours.
• Global Distribution System (GDS): A network that enables travel agencies and their clients to access and book travel
products worldwide using a single platform.
•Carrier: Any entity that transports goods or passengers, such as airlines, cruise lines, bus companies, or railways.
• Ecotourism: Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains
the well-being of local people, and involves interpretation and education.
Tourism Infrastructure: Physical facilities and organizational systems that support tourism activities, such as airports, roads,
hotels, and visitor centers.
Transportation Network: The interconnected system of infrastructure, vehicles, and services that enables the movement of
people and goods from one location to another.
Travel Advisory: Official recommendations or warnings issued by governments or international organizations regarding
potential risks or conditions in specific travel destinations.
Thank You

• Presented by:
• Kritika Sapkota
• As section ‘A’