Eeng 360 Communication Systems I

Course Information
 Instructor: Huseyin Bilgekul, Room No: EE 207, Office Tel: 630 1333

 Course Webpage: http://faraday.ee.emu.edu.tr/eee360/

 Lab Assistant: Ayşe Kortun Office Tel: 630 1653.

 Textbook: L. W. COUCH II, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 6th Edition, Prentice
Hall.

 Grading: Midterm 1 Exam: % 20 Midterm 2 Exam: % 20

Final Examination : % 30
HW & Quizzes : % 15
Lab Work : % 15

 Prerequisite: EEE226 Signals and Systems

 NG Policy: NG grade will be given to students who do not attend more than 50% of the course
lecture hours, miss the exams and fail.

Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University Eeng360 1
EEE 360 Communication Systems I

Course Contents
 Chapter 1: Introduction
 Chapter 2: Signals and Spectra
 Chapter 3: Base Band Pulse and Digital Signaling
 Chapter 4: Band Pass Signaling Principles & Circuits
 Chapter 5: AM, FM and Digital Modulated Systems.

Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University Eeng360 2
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Chapter Objectives:
 How communication systems work.
 Frequency allocation and propagation
characteristics.
 Computer solutions using MATLAB.
 Information measure.
 Coding performance.

Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University Eeng360 3
 What is a communication system?.

 Communication systems are designed to transmit

information.
 Communication systems Design concerns:
• Selection of the information–bearing waveform;
• Bandwidth and power of the waveform;
• Effect of system noise on the received information;
• Cost of the system.

These factors will be discussed later in this course

Eeng360 4
 Digital and Analog Sources and
Systems
Basic Definitions:
• Analog Information Source:
An analog information source produces messages which are
defined on a continuum. (E.g. :Microphone)

• Digital Information Source:

A digital information source produces a finite set of possible
messages. (E.g. :Typewriter)

x(t) x(t)

t t
Analog Digital

Eeng360 5
 Digital and Analog Sources and
Systems

 A digital communication system transfers

information from a digital source to the intended
receiver (also called the sink).
 An analog communication system transfers
information from an analog source to the sink.
 A digital waveform is defined as a function of
time that can have a discrete set of amplitude
values.
 An Analog waveform is a function that has a
continuous range of values.

Eeng360 6
 Digital Communication
 Advantages
• Relatively inexpensive digital circuits may be used;
• Privacy is preserved by using data encryption;
• Data from voice, video, and data sources may be merged and
transmitted over a common digital transmission system;
• In long-distance systems, noise dose not accumulate from
repeater to repeater. Data regeneration is possible
• Errors in detected data may be small, even when there is a
large amount of noise on the received signal;
• Errors may often be corrected by the use of coding.

 Disadvantages
• Generally, more bandwidth is required than that for analog
systems;
• Synchronization is required.

Eeng360 7
 Encoding and Decoding for Digital
Communication
 Coding involves adding extra (redundant) bits to data to
reduce or correct errors at the output of the receiver.

The disadvantage of these extra bits is to increase the data

rate and the bandwidth of the encoded signal.

Eeng360 8
 Deterministic and Random Waveforms

 A Deterministic waveform can be modeled as

a completely specified function of time.
w(t )  A cos( 0t  0 )
 A Random Waveform (or stochastic
waveform) cannot be modeled as a
completely specified function of time and
must be modeled probabilistically.

 In this course we will focus mainly on

deterministic waveforms.

Eeng360 9
 Block Diagram of A Communication
System
 All communication systems contain three main sub
systems:
1. Transmitter
2. Channel
3. Receiver

Transmitter Receiver

Eeng360 10
 Block Diagram of A Communication
TRANSMITTER:
System
 The signal-processing block is used for more efficient transmission.
Examples:
• In an analog system, the signal processor may be an analog low-pass filter
to restrict the bandwidth of m(t).
• In a hybrid system, the signal processor may be an analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) to produce digital signals that represent samples of the
analog input signal.

 The transmitter carrier circuit converts the processed base band signal into a
frequency band that is appropriate for the transmission medium of the channel.

Example:
• An amplitude –modulated (AM) broadcasting station with an assigned
frequency of 850 kHz has a carrier frequency fc=850kHz. The mapping of the
base band input information waveform m(t) into the band pass signal s(t) is
called modulation. It will be shown that any band pass signal has the form

s (t ) R (t ) cos( c t   (t )) c 2 f
If R(t)=1 and θ(t) = 0, s(t) would be a pure sinusoid of frequency f=fc with zero
bandwidth.

Eeng360 11
 Block Diagram of A Communication
System
Channel:
 Channels represents the path in which signals travel from transmitter to
receiver. Very general classification of channels are:

• Wire: Twisted-pair telephone line, coaxial cable, waveguide, and fiber-

optic cables.
• Wireless: Air vacuum, and seawater.

In general, the channel medium attenuates the signal so that the delivered
information deteriorated from that of the source. The channel noise may arise
from natural electrical disturbances or from artificial sources.

Transmitter Receiver

Eeng360 12
 Block Diagram of A Communication
Receiver:
System
 The receiver takes the corrupted signal at the channel output and converts
it to be a base band signal that can be handled by the receiver’s base band
processor.

 The base band processor cleans up this signal and delivers an estimate
of the source information m(t) to the communication system output.

 In digital systems, the measure of signal deterioration is usually taken to be

the probability of bit error P(e) – also called Bit Error Rate (BER) of the
delivered data m(t).

 In analog systems, the performance measure is usually taken to be the

Signal-to-noise Ratio (SNR) at the receiver output.

Transmitter Receiver

Eeng360 13
 What makes a Communication System
GOOD
 We can measure the “GOODNESS” of a
communication system in many ways:

 How close is the estimate to the original signal m(t)

• Better estimate = higher quality transmission

• Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for analog m(t)
• Bit Error Rate (BER) for digital m(t)

 How much power is required to transmit s(t)?

• Lower power = longer battery life, less interference

 How much bandwidth B is required to transmit s(t)?

• Less B means more users can share the channel
• Exception: Spread Spectrum -- users use same B.

 How much information is transmitted?

• In analog systems information is related to B of m(t).
• In digital systems information is expressed in bits/sec.
Eeng360 14