INTRODUCTION

TO
PSYCHOLOGY
Dr Sunil Omanwar
▪ Nature and Nurture Debate
2. ORIGINS
▪ Structuralism and Functionalism
OF
▪ Behaviourism PSYCHOLOGY
▪ Gestalt Psychology

▪ Psychoanalysis

▪ Later developments
NATURE & NURTURE
DEBATE
Nature Nurture

▪ Human being enter the world with ▪ Holds that knowledge is acquired
an inborn store of knowledge and through experiences and
understanding of reality interaction with the world
▪ Descartes ▪ John Locke
▪ God, the self, geometric axioms, ▪ Tabula rasa
perfection and infinity) ▪ Mind is filled with ideas that enter
by way of senses and then become
associated through principles such
as contrast & similarity.
(Associationist psychology)
NATURE VS NURTURE Carbonaria

Typica

Peppered Moth

Biston betularia,

https://www.forbes.com/sites/grrlscientist/
2019/10/30/industrial-britains-black-moths-
one-gene-can-darken-them-all/?sh=640
BEHAVIOUR

B = F ( P, E)
WHY AM I NOT
DEAD?
DRAW YOUR LIFE LINE
▪ Draw a line that represents ways you have of looking at your life—
beginning with your birth and ending with your death

▪ Make it a complete line: beginning with your birth and ending with your
death

▪ Put a mark on it to show where you are right now

▪ Share the feelings you experienced while drawing your life line
SHARING
LIFE PLAN
▪Move to the future end of the line and look back over your
whole life, especially the part you haven’t lived yet.
▪Write your obituary, covering as many aspects of your life as
you can, and concentrating on the part between the now mark
and the future end of the line.
▪Write about the way your life will probably turn out if you
continue in your current life patterns and trends. If you don’t
make any major shift in life-style, priorities, values, etc., what
will your obituary say?
▪ Beginnings of scientific psychology
2. ORIGINS
▪ Structuralism and Functionalism
OF
▪ Behaviourism PSYCHOLOGY
▪ Gestalt Psychology

▪ Psychoanalysis

▪ Later developments
 CONTEMPLATING

Intellect
Gyanendriyas Ego Karmendriyas
Memory
Emotional

Mind

▪ Why Am I not DEAD

BEGINNINGS OF SCIENTIFIC
PSYCHOLOGY
▪ Willian Wundt established first Laboratory in Leipzig in 1879

▪ Focus on senses/ vision ; Attention memory, emotion

▪ Method of introspection – refers to observing and recording one’s perceptions,

thoughts, feelings

▪ Added physical changes - participants stimulus

▪ Few conclusions
STRUCTURAL
ISM
Structuralism – Analysis of
mental structure ( B.
Tichener)
Breaking conscious experience
into elements
Experimental

Taste of Lemonade
(perception)

▪ Salty
▪ Cold
▪ Sweet
Sensations
FUNCTIONAL
ISM
Functionalism – Studying
how the mind works to
enable organism to adapt
and to function in its
environment (William James)

Fluid and personal nature

Science of conscious
experience

Direct observation - Field

work
BEHAVIOURI
SM
Behaviorist approach
emphasizes the
importance of
environmental or
situational
determinants of
behaviour

Deterministic
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
BEHAVIORISM
Salivation is
unconditioned
response
Food is
Unconditioned
stimulus
Bell/Light are
Neutral stimulus

Learns
Bell /Light conditioned
stimulus
Salivating is
conditioned response
Conditioning and Fear Predictability is also important
in emotional reactions
LEARNING
▪ Thru Trial and Error (Thorndike experiments)
▪ Insights ( an understanding of the situations leading to the solution of a
problem)

Law of
▪ Learning is relative permanent change in behaviour or thought as a result
of experience and practice , not maturation.

Effect
SKINNER EXPERIMENT
Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning

Learning Process in which

the consequences which
follow the response will
determine whether the
response will be repeated

Eg., of criticism
for beginners/ trial & error;
insights
OPERANT CONDITIONING
▪ The type of learning that occurs when we learn the association between
our behaviours and certain outcomes
▪ Learn from acquiring many responses through observational learning

▪So reinforcements that control the expressions of learned

behaviours
▪ Direct ( tangible awards, social approval or disapproval, or alleviation of
aversive condition)
▪ Vicarious (observation of some one receiving award or punishment for
behaviour similar to one’ own)
▪ Self administered (evaluation of one’s own performance with self praise
or reproach)
PSYCHOANAL
YTIC
Driven by basic instincts
- Hunger, Sex and
aggressions
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
•Most primitive •Ego develops as the young •Judges whether action is right
•Basic biological impulses or child considers demands of or wrong
drives (eat, drink, eliminate reality •Internal representation of
waste, avoid pain, •Delaying gratification until the values and morals of
sexual/sensual pleasure) situation is appropriate society
•Aggression as instinctual •Executive of personality •Conscience
determinant of personality •Mediates between Id and •Image of morally ideal
•Immediate gratification just Superego person (ego ideal)
like child •Develops in response to
parnets reward/punishment
The
The id The ego supereg
o

The three are in conflict

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
DEFENSE MECHANISMS

▪ There is constant amount of Psychic energy called Libido

(lust)

▪ The desires of Id contain psychic energy must be expressed in

some way

▪ Preventing them does not eliminate (eg: Aggressive impulses

may be disguised racing cars, playing chess, or making
sarcastic remarks

▪ Dreams and neurotic symptoms

REPRESSION
Excluding from conscious
awareness impulses or
memories that are too
frightening or painful .
Memories that evoke shame,
guilt or self – depreciation or
aspects inconsistent with self
concept
RATIONALIZATION Assigning logical or socially
desirable motives to what
we do so that we seem to
have acted rationally .
It eases our disappointment
when we fail to reach goal
(I didn’t want to anyway) or
gives acceptable motives
for our behaviour

Excuses
REACTION FORMATION

Concealing a motive from

ourselves by giving strong
expression to the opposite
motive
PROJECTION
Assigning our own
undesirable qualities to
others in exaggerated
amount

Giving them what they

deserve
INTELLECTUALIZATION
Attempting to gain
detachment from stressful
situation by dealing with it
in abstract, intellectual
terms
Doctor- Patient
relationship
DENIAL
Denying that an unpleasant
reality exist

- Pain of disabled child

- Ignoring criticism
- Failing to pursue anger
DISPLACEMENT
Directing a motive that
cannot be gratified in one
form into another channel
FREE ASSOCIATION
▪a basic process in psychoanalysis and other forms of
psychodynamic psychotherapy, in which the patient is encouraged
to verbalize without censorship or selection whatever thoughts
come to mind, no matter how embarrassing, illogical, or irrelevant.

▪Eg- In groups – here and now

▪Zindagi na milegi dobara

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Counter- Inter-
Dependent Independent
dependent dependent
CRITICISMS
▪ It assumes that very different behaviours may reflect the same underlying
motive

▪ Validity of observations ??(spontaneous about past events, planted in their

minds or simply inferred)

▪ Efforts to link adult personality characteristics to psycho sexual events in

childhood have been negative

▪ Observations were based mostly for upper middle class,

FREUD VS JUNG
“I AM NOT WHAT HAPPENED

TO ME, I AM WHAT I CHOOSE

TO BECOME.
JUNG MODEL OF PSYCHE
MODEL OF PSYCH
• conscious mind as it comprises the thoughts,
memories, and emotions a person is aware
Ego
of. The ego is largely responsible for feelings
of identity and continuity.
• The personal unconscious contains
Personal
temporality forgotten information and well as
unconscious
repressed memories and complexes
• inherited unconscious knowledge and
Collective experiences across generations, expressed
unconscious through universal symbols and archetypes
common to all human cultures.
PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS
▪“Everything of which I know, but of which I am not at the moment
thinking; everything of which I was once conscious but have now
forgotten; everything perceived by my senses, but not noted by my
conscious mind; everything which, involuntarily and without paying
attention to it, I feel, think, remember, want, and do; all the future
things which are taking shape in me and will sometime come to
consciousness; all this is the content of the unconscious” (Jung,
1921).
COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
▪consists of pre-existent forms, or archetypes, which can surface in
consciousness in the form of dreams, visions, or feelings, and are
expressed in our culture, art, religion, and symbolic experiences.

▪The collective unconscious is a universal version of the personal

unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are
shared with other members of the human species (Jung, 1928).
ARCHETYPE
▪ ‘the term archetype is not meant to denote an inherited idea, but

rather an inherited mode of functioning, corresponding to the inborn

way in which the chick emerges from the egg, the bird builds its
nest, a certain kind of wasp stings the motor ganglion of the
caterpillar, and eels find their way to the Bermudas. In other words,
it is a “pattern of behaviour”. This aspect of the archetype, the
purely biological one, is the proper concern of scientific psychology’.
(Jung, 1921)
PERSONA
▪ The persona (or mask) is the outward face we present to the world. It
conceals our real self and Jung describes it as the “conformity” archetype.
▪ This is the public face or role a person presents to others as someone
different from who we really are (like an actor).
▪ means of social adaptation and personal convenience.
▪ Problems can arise when a person overly identifies with their Persona,
unable to differentiate between their professional role and their authentic
self.
▪ The Persona is shaped during childhood, driven by the need to conform to
the expectations of parents, teachers, and peers.
▪ Persona encompass the more socially acceptable traits
ANIMA/ANIMUS
▪ Mirror image of our biological sex, that is, the unconscious feminine side in
males and the masculine tendencies in women.
▪ Anima and Animus exist in the unconscious as counterbalances to a person’s
conscious sexual identity, serving to complement their experience and
understanding of their own gender.
▪ So-called “masculine” traits (like autonomy, separateness, and aggression) and
“feminine” traits (like nurturance, relatedness, and empathy) were not confined
to one gender or superior to the other.
▪ Anima and Animus are often first encountered through projection. E.g love at
first sight
▪ Bridge to the unconscious.
▪ Engaging with these complexes can enrich an individual’s understanding of their
gender and self.
SHADOW
▪ The parts of ourselves that we may reject, disown, or simply don’t recognize.
▪ Rooted in both our personal and collective unconscious,
▪ the Shadow contains traits that we consciously oppose, often contrasting
those presented in our Persona – the outward ‘mask’ we show to the world.
▪ Not merely negative;
▪ Provides depth and balance to our personality, reflecting the principle that
every aspect of one’s personality has a compensatory counterpart.
▪ This is symbolized in the idea: “where there is light, there must also be
shadow”.
▪ Overemphasis on the Persona, while neglecting the Shadow, can result in a
superficial personality, preoccupied with others’ perceptions.
SELF
▪ Self provides a sense of unity in experience.
▪ For Jung, the ultimate aim of every individual is to achieve a state of
selfhood (similar to self-actualization), and in this respect, Jung (like
Erikson) is moving in the direction of a more humanist orientation.
▪ many of the problems of modern life are caused by “man’s progressive
alienation from his instinctual foundation.”
▪ Anima & Animus
PROJECTIVE TESTS
▪Rorschach Test developed by swiss psychiatrist Hermann
Rorschach in 1920s
▪ Series of 10 cards with scoring on
▪ Location, - response involves entire inkblot or part of it
▪ Determinants – if responds to shape, color, texture, shading
▪ Content (what does it represent)
▪ Limited predictive Value
▪Thematic Apperception Test developed by Henry Murray
▪ Most apt for achievement, power motivations with interscorer reliability
MBTI (MYERS BRIGG TYPE
INDICATOR)
▪https://www.truity.com/test/type-finder-personality-test-n
ew
▪ https://bigfive-test.com/test
 THE MYERS-BRIGGS
FRAMEWORK
▪ Extraversion v/s Introversion – Extraverts get their energy from being
around other people, whereas introverts are worn out by others and need
solitude to recharge their energy
▪ Sensing v/s Intuition – The sensing type prefers concrete things whereas
intuitives prefer abstract concepts.
▪ Thinking v/s Feeling – Thinking individuals base their decisions more on
logic and reason whereas feeling individuals base their decisions more on
feelings and emotions.
▪ Judging v/s Perceiving –People who are the judging type enjoy completion
or being finished, whereas perceiving types enjoy the process and open
ended situations