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Revised - Lesson 4 Polarity of Molecues

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7 views19 pages

Revised - Lesson 4 Polarity of Molecues

Education

Uploaded by

ansaleroch
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LESSON 4

POLARITY OF
MOLECULES
LEARNING GOALS:

 determine if a molecule is polar or


non-polar given its structure; and
 relate the polarity of a molecules to
its properties
POLARITY
 refers to the bonding of atoms and
distribution of electrical charge among
these atoms through bonding formation

 The polarity of bonds is caused due


to the interaction of the bonds
between molecules and atoms with
different electronegativities.
Chemical bonds
 forces that hold atoms together to
make compounds or molecules
2 TYPES OF CHEMICAL Bond
IONIC BOND
COVALENT BOND (transfer of electrons)
(sharing of electrons)
= bond between metal
= bond between nonmetal
and nonmetal elements
and nonmetal elements
 when two atoms interact,
the electrons in the outermost shells
called valence electrons are the first
ones to come into contact with each
other, and are the ones
that determine how an atom will react
in a chemical reaction
Valence
electron

OUTER
SHELL OF
AN ATOM
How can we determine the
number of valence electrons in
the outer shell of an atom?
 thenumber of valence electrons is
equal to the atom's main group
number which can be found from
the column of the periodic table
For example:
 Carbon is in group IV therefore,
it has 4 valence electrons.
 Oxygen is in group VI
so how many valence
electrons does it have?
ANSWER IS 6..
Because Oxygen is in
Group VI
QUESTION:
How does sharing of electrons affect the
structure and the properties of
substance?
 The extent of sharing of
electrons between atoms in a
molecule is dependent on the
electronegativity.
Electronegativity (EN)
 the measure of the relative
tendency of an atom to
attract electrons to itself
when chemically combined
with another atom
 Thehigher the value of
electronegativity, the more it
tends to attract electrons
toward itself.
 This affects a substance’s polarity and
interaction with other substances.

 NOTE that each atom has its own


electronegativity value.
Increasing Electronegativity
Decreasing Electronegativity
Polarity of Molecules include :
 Polarcovalent
Polar covalent bonds
bonds
 occur when electron pairs are unequally shared.
 For a bond to be polar, the electronegativity
difference between the two elements needs to be
between 0.5 to 2.0.
 Non-polar covalent
bonds
 occur when electron pairs are shared
equally or the difference in
electronegativity between atoms is
less than 0.5.
Any more than 2.0 and the molecules become charged ions
and form ionic bonds instead.
Example:
Fluorine, the most electronegative element of them all, has a
electronegativity number of 4.0.

Hydrogen is very weakly electronegative with a value of 2.1.


When the two elements come together, they form polar
compound HF.

 HF

4.0 - 2.1 = 1.9


Polar covalent
bond
What is the relationship of Polarity
of a Molecule to Its Properties?

 thepolarity of a molecule determines its


solubility in another substance.

 Assuch, polar molecules are dissolved in


polar solvents while nonpolar molecules
are dissolved in nonpolar solvents.

 This is a concrete example of the phrase,


"Like dissolves like."
 Molecules with high polarity are hydrophilic, and
mix well with other polar compounds.
FOR EXAMPLE:  Water is a polar solvent and it will
dissolve salts and other
polar molecules, but not non-polar
molecules like oil.

 Molecules that are non-polar or have very


low polarity tend to be hydrophobic, and mix well
with other non-polar (or nearly non-polar) compounds.

FOR EXAMPLE:
Petrol is a non-polar solvent and will
dissolve
Determine if the bond between elements
are polar covalent or non-polar covalent.
1.) CH4 2.) H2
EN OF C = 2.5 EN OF H = 2.1 EN OF H = 2.1

2.5 - 2.1 = 0.4 2.1 - 2.1 = 0


Non-polar covalent Nonpolar covalent
bond bond
 NaCl 3.) H2O
EN OF Cl = 3.0 EN OF Na = 0.9 EN OF Cl = 2.1 EN OF O = 3.5

3.0 - 0.9 = 2.1 3.5 - 2.1 = 1.4


Ionic bond Polar covalent
bond
REFERENCES:
 Physical Science 1 PDF
 https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/
Eastern_Mennonite_University/EMU
%3A_Chemistry_for_the_Life_Sciences_(Cessna)/
4%3A_Covalent_Bonding_and_Simple_Molecular_
Compounds/4.4%3A_Polar_and_Non-
polar_Covalent_Bonds

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